tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34201137990479465212024-03-14T01:02:26.977-04:00The Abeng and My Conscious PenCreative writing from the Conscious I- thoughts, reflections and ideas expressed in urban literature, Caribbean-themed prose and poetry. This blog celebrates the African Diaspora.Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.comBlogger194125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-17546759293655975122024-02-02T10:30:00.014-05:002024-02-02T10:30:00.139-05:00Cut Check!: Dr. King's Demand for Reparations for Black Americans<div><br /></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large;">Martin Luther King, Jr speaking on reparations for Black Americans 50 years ago!</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2xsbt3a7K-8?si=vSHG2SP9p2HqL1iy" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-12886165694081721152024-01-28T09:59:00.002-05:002024-02-02T14:25:27.922-05:00African Drumming in The African Diaspora: Kwe Kwe (Queh Queh) Drumming<p><span style="font-size: large;">Kwe Kwe Dance Company, Atlanta, Georgia: Drumming at Guyana Day During Atlanta Carnival Weekend 2018</span></p> <iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qY0P4FilWCc?si=cRnMlz4lli0h8sf4" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Please Support The Abeng Worldwide (YouTube Channel)... "LIKE" " SHARE"; Hit the "SUBSCRIBE" button <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChrfgzJduw369aS2zldYI5Q">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChrfgzJduw369aS2zldYI5Q</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-10341450454321524822022-05-10T10:54:00.003-04:002022-05-11T20:25:25.948-04:00Abeng #DubPoetry : Kwayana's Meditation (The Wisdom of The Drum)<h1 style="text-align: center;"> Kwayana's Meditation (The Wisdom of The Drum)</h1><div><span style="font-size: large;">Greetings Bredren and Sistren; Idren and Idren. Big up and Bless up.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">This dub poem Kwayana's Meditation, is actually a tribute and ode to Baba Eusi Kwayana and the Working Peoples' Association (WPA).</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<iframe width="100%" height="300" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allow="autoplay" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/1262209003&color=%23ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true"></iframe><div style="font-size: 10px; color: #cccccc;line-break: anywhere;word-break: normal;overflow: hidden;white-space: nowrap;text-overflow: ellipsis; font-family: Interstate,Lucida Grande,Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Sans,Garuda,Verdana,Tahoma,sans-serif;font-weight: 100;"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/pablo1960-1" title="PablOGtee" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;">PablOGtee</a> · <a href="https://soundcloud.com/pablo1960-1/kwayanas-meditation-the-wisdom-of-the-drum-by-kaya-omodele" title="KWAYANA'S MEDITATION (The Wisdom of the Drum) by Kaya Omodele" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;">KWAYANA'S MEDITATION (The Wisdom of the Drum) by Kaya Omodele #DubPoetry #reggaepoetry #dubpoem</a></div>Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-31375876520502910452022-05-04T09:19:00.007-04:002022-05-06T16:40:17.439-04:00Join Kaya on Uncle Pablo's Kreolese Korner<p></p><h1 style="text-align: center;"> Pablo's Kreolese Korner</h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Join Uncle Pablo as interviews me, Kaya Omodele, on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/KreoleseKorner2021" target="_blank">Pablo's Kreolese Korner</a> on Saturday, May 7th, 2022.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">I will recite my dub poem Kwayana's Meditation (Wisdom of The Drum) from my debut book, Cries of Redemption.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="color: #050505;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVfBsdA39_VEFJCC7uIgJ_zoKITWBUMEuD4wdScq3GfH8GscCQo7bgHlaQCsbj_9IIBgOd-R3Ngho5AU1Cmhl-CrFh0IX-1biPlOHt0EHfzhuFbuP5kzf-DhMLwp2vPcn5bAIrOzSg2_PFE4hM0Ktmcmdr-uXKyQ6WriWMC2Mg3s-UolxCvQQ9h2nX/s1440/Karnah%20Guest%201.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="1440" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVfBsdA39_VEFJCC7uIgJ_zoKITWBUMEuD4wdScq3GfH8GscCQo7bgHlaQCsbj_9IIBgOd-R3Ngho5AU1Cmhl-CrFh0IX-1biPlOHt0EHfzhuFbuP5kzf-DhMLwp2vPcn5bAIrOzSg2_PFE4hM0Ktmcmdr-uXKyQ6WriWMC2Mg3s-UolxCvQQ9h2nX/w400-h220/Karnah%20Guest%201.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The featured band is <a href=" www.creolerock.com" target="_blank">Creole Rock</a> featuring Gavin and Chucky</span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYw7PITV2qVMhMMVywvbtEp3QEUyPI1cdJDaXfIn0YRiTXvRT85o9q1EM-7P5g7SCmEsFnzSm5r5evOee_38pRmil7voArsdqIUqdMqcLgQA3MIkeNy-cjtyVPn35q3ClOvf_ItuvBZHulK62-0zefLGvzCq_NS28gJzkjQB_qOo-7xyN0TcIkh6Bo/s1440/Pablo%20May%207%20Kreolese%20Kornah%20more%20Promo.png" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1440" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYw7PITV2qVMhMMVywvbtEp3QEUyPI1cdJDaXfIn0YRiTXvRT85o9q1EM-7P5g7SCmEsFnzSm5r5evOee_38pRmil7voArsdqIUqdMqcLgQA3MIkeNy-cjtyVPn35q3ClOvf_ItuvBZHulK62-0zefLGvzCq_NS28gJzkjQB_qOo-7xyN0TcIkh6Bo/w400-h220/Pablo%20May%207%20Kreolese%20Kornah%20more%20Promo.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-27729018075390047382022-04-14T08:18:00.010-04:002022-04-14T08:59:59.778-04:00Bad Friday 1963: The Rastafari Persecution at Coral Gardens
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span></span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Coral+Gardens+Ave,+Jamaica/@18.5019273,-77.8733154,13.5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x8eda2bdf81db7feb:0x471a33292d4eaa79!8m2!3d18.508801!4d-77.8623005" target="_blank">Coral Gardens</a> lies on the North Coast of Jamaica, W.I., in the eastern outskirts of<br /> Montego Bay; it's a part of the Rosehall Estate. Back in the late 1950s and early 1960s, groups of Rastafarians squatted on the land and farmed ganja on a small scale in the area. The landowners and businessmen around Coral Gardens had it in their minds to make the area a tourist haven, but Rastas stood in the way. Tension engulfed the authorities and Rastas like thick ganja smoke.<br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Now this is before Bob Marley and other reggae artists helped swing Rastafari into the mainstream. Back then, a</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">nti-Rasta sentiment choked much of Jamaican society. Many saw Rasta locksmen as vagrants, degenerates, and even referred to them as "Blackheart Man"; and police and people would often gang up on Rastas, beat them and sometimes kill them. Because of the brutality much of the society meted out, Rasta bredren and sistren would avoid public spaces, preferring to gather in their own encampments and yards. Even so, police and soldiers would storm, raid, and turn their homes upside down. They would evict Rasta and destroy their shanty homes.</span></span></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h2><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rastafari Plight in The 50s Jamaica </span></h1><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Leonard P. Howell and The Burning of The Pinnacle</b></span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><blockquote>"...the streets of Jamaica (Kingston and St Catherine in particular) were energised by the inspired preaching and teachings of the Honourable Leonard Howell, one of the earliest Rastafarian pioneers." ~ Yasus Afari, Overstanding Rastafari-Jamaica's Gift to the World</blockquote></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In 1940, Leonard Percival Howell (also called Gonganguru, G.G. Maragh, and The "First Rasta") formed the Pinnacle commune at Sligoville, high in the hills of St. Catherine, Jamaica. Pinnacle was the first autonomous, self-governing, self-sustaining Rastafarian village. Members of the community farmed food for their own consumption, then sold the surplus at markets in Spanish Town and Kingston. Howell and members of Pinnacle operated a bakery; created handcraft; burned hardwood, then consumed <i>and</i> sold charcoal from that burnt hardwood. They also farmed ganja, which they smoked as the sacrament (and also used for medicine) and the surplus was another source of revenue, one that led to economic independence for the entire community. The Pinnacle commune was enterprising, and it thrived with thousands of residents.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVA7siKEM7zjUzY4c8rG6dBYFUKAF3kcvSThH1mUsCX_cwmmqrfbKdZScesx6WNXq1a_3vuIF5fMlzsGBArmIA1gfR9mEe2D5U1mT6hfOsOUcpeySfjpbxZS5lBkRHaJ4njbWNS-9erQmG4ycFLZnlsMe2QOQHqvWUF4j5F6nVvndPhnVDzz9DTI1n/s1500/Pinnacle%20great%20house%20ruin%20Marleynatural.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></a></div></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">From its inception, police raided Pinnacle multiple times. However, there was a ten-year period of peace </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">(from about 1944 to 1954),</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="987" data-original-width="1500" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVA7siKEM7zjUzY4c8rG6dBYFUKAF3kcvSThH1mUsCX_cwmmqrfbKdZScesx6WNXq1a_3vuIF5fMlzsGBArmIA1gfR9mEe2D5U1mT6hfOsOUcpeySfjpbxZS5lBkRHaJ4njbWNS-9erQmG4ycFLZnlsMe2QOQHqvWUF4j5F6nVvndPhnVDzz9DTI1n/w364-h240/Pinnacle%20great%20house%20ruin%20Marleynatural.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Pinnacle Gate Ruins" width="364" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Pinnacle Gate Ruins</b></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">when the community flourished without police harassment. But Howell was a problem for the state- philosophically, socially, and, because he had become a leading ganja cultivator, economically. His calls for Black people to stop hailing the King of Great Britain and turn to The Emperor of Ethiopia led to his arrest for sedition earlier in the 1930s. His ganja production was the pretext for the 1954 raid on Pinnacle, where over 100 colonial police officers and detectives seized £</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">3000 in cash and burned three tons of ganja stash. The authorities destroyed much of the Pinnacle, and after the last raid in 1958, no residents lived in the community.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Back o' Wall/Dungle and Coronation Market</span></h3></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Back o' Wall/Dungle was a sufferers' community in downtown Kingston-where Tivoli Gardens now stands, and it comprised </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">roughly 5,000 people</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">, an overwhelming amount of them Rastafarian. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">In 1958,</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Prince Emmanuel Charles Edwards kept the first-ever national "Groundation". This Nyahbinghi grounding took place in Back o' Wall and lasted for 21 days. After the convention, Rastas marched over to Coronation Market and planted their flag. The police promptly beat them, trimmed their dreadlocks, and locked them up. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Later in May, police arrested Prince Emmanuel and burned down his Rastafarian camp.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #262626; font-family: georgia; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0IVPWIGBZNaRL4gZ1JmYNJzAaHs1DkTsNSnVMFX_RpZRWZgiOT1WEeXgNlW8QwUL_xVWUoYCsduBbt_muHX_hI2m0BytJ8Q3cjooQdwFslVor57NZKWwwVoqwfzDT7MUkM7H9QqYpmnV5GlpwZ6EjmYP8dPgi_cslniMS_Xh2JLJPhPnamBdV1MBa/s460/Back%20o%20wall%201962.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Dungle" border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="460" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0IVPWIGBZNaRL4gZ1JmYNJzAaHs1DkTsNSnVMFX_RpZRWZgiOT1WEeXgNlW8QwUL_xVWUoYCsduBbt_muHX_hI2m0BytJ8Q3cjooQdwFslVor57NZKWwwVoqwfzDT7MUkM7H9QqYpmnV5GlpwZ6EjmYP8dPgi_cslniMS_Xh2JLJPhPnamBdV1MBa/w320-h240/Back%20o%20wall%201962.jpg" title="Back O Wall" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Back o Wall </b><br />From The Jamaican Daily Gleaner</td></tr></tbody></table>Many describe this inaugural national Groundation as a decisive point in the antagonism between the Rastafarian movement, and the government and the public. The public, the police and security forces, and the media propagated the so-called anti-social elements of Rastafari. Society held disdain for the Rasta people. Later that year, more skirmishes: Police raided a Rastafarian camp in Westmoreland; in Linstead, a group of Rasta attacked two police officers, who shot and killed one of the dreadlocks. The police rounded up and arrested four more Rastas, who no one saw or heard from again.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In 1959, a Rastafarian security guard (or "gatekeeper") at Coronation Market (which stood next to Back o' Wall) had a dispute with a police officer on duty. The police beat this Rasta severely, which enraged the witnessing vendors at the market. Rasta, vendors, and sympathizers set state vehicles ablaze (allegedly). Police reinforcements rushed to the scene, clashed with the uprising, and moved their brutality over to nearby Back o' Wall where they unleashed retribution on the Rastas and other poor people living there. They kicked down doors; destroyed homes; arrested 57 Rastafarians, beat them, and further humiliated them by forcibly trimming their dreadlocks.</span></div></span></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Coral Gardens Incident</span> </span></h1><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Rudolph Franklyn had moved up from Moore Town, embraced the Rastafarian movement, and had grown a following amongst younger Rastas in the Coral Gardens/Montego Bay area. Franklyn did some small-scale farming </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">on land in the Tryall </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Farm </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">(land reportedly owned by the Kerr-Jarrett family) of Salt Spring. Landowners and local government officials planned to develop much of the local areas around Montego Bay for tourism. The police harassed the Rastafarians in the area continuously; they'd do all they could to run the Rastas off. Once they raided Franklyn's farm and reaped all the ganja they wanted, they chopped down the rest. Another time, they did the same. But Rudolph Franklyn was defiant; he insisted he was not squatting on anyone's land.<b>*</b> The police told him he was operating too close to Rose Hall.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">At some point, the Kerr-Jarrett family sold their land to a man named Ken Douglas. In around October 1961, the new landowner sent the police to evict Franklyn, but this time, violence rang out. When the police rolled up to his farm, Franklyn was working with a cutlass or machete in hand. The police demanded he drop it. Franklyn refused. The police shot him five times in the stomach. (Some reports state they hit him with three shots; some report six shots. The police clearly shot him multiple times.)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The police left him for dead where he'd fallen and school children later discovered him. People rushed him to the hospital, and Franklyn received surgery. But a doctor informed him he wouldn't have a long life. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b>"The headman of the property, Edward Fowler...brought a policeman to evict the brother (Franklyn) off the land. The unarmed brother was shot six times by the police, and believed to be dead, and was not taken to hospital until hours after. The brother recovered after months of medical treatment, although he was told by the doctor that he would live for only a short period. He was immediately sentenced to six months imprisonment on a charge of having ganja."</b> - Journalist John Maxwell, in his article in<b> Public Opinion</b>, April 27, 1963</span></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Franklyn was angry. He felt he was wrongly persecuted, shot maliciously and without cause and chronically injured. And though he was innocent in many people's view, he was tried, convicted and sentenced. </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">According to people who knew him, when he was released in early 1963, Franklyn was a bitter man. And when police harassed him further, that did it. Franklyn desired revenge.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Ds1tdE9kbX1DFPiOB9k9jKriMZlBnBlGKm279YceMImOt34f0DMjc3Ex63afBiAyM-60CxmGjt4fpaarBKCBL6zrO-Ic-D3QeE53_DQEZuzpJ9wiSZVRZqFQkhL5Ce8e-80TPf6FA3tzz61-IGEhGCf0ertRVpj4BAnkDd8jzuT3LkO-jaoNP2EL/s300/Shell-300x209.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="300" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Ds1tdE9kbX1DFPiOB9k9jKriMZlBnBlGKm279YceMImOt34f0DMjc3Ex63afBiAyM-60CxmGjt4fpaarBKCBL6zrO-Ic-D3QeE53_DQEZuzpJ9wiSZVRZqFQkhL5Ce8e-80TPf6FA3tzz61-IGEhGCf0ertRVpj4BAnkDd8jzuT3LkO-jaoNP2EL/s1600/Shell-300x209.png" width="300" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Before 5am on 'Holy Thursday', April 11, 1963, Franklyn and a group of Rasta bredren set fire to the Shell gas station owned by Ken Douglas. By midday that day, eight people were killed, including Franklyn, two of his bredren, two officers and three civilians (one being the headman of the Rose Hall property, Edward Fowler). Another three of Franklyn's crew had escaped, but were later captured and eventually hanged. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>"Bring in all Rastas, dead of alive!"</b> </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Prime Minister Bustamante, further telling police and soldiers that what the jails couldn't hold, the morgue would.</span></span></blockquote></span></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHrmHVtiIxqQRYnZdNc5Zj_GduhyjbrQUQleFY5LTz3B53Ot5rCM_hSJl2yUtUxkVAGd5_XGdWgdbzXAQEx9yAwX564g8mHAkeN7JyYw5i8GiMLFDaa6f6sZOCEKyyam2KPw8R5EUW_Odn8NZuhXHr-stqb9KATo4tiAWrijvdBHO0YvthGNuRlBML/s540/1576799555-gardens_(crop).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="540" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHrmHVtiIxqQRYnZdNc5Zj_GduhyjbrQUQleFY5LTz3B53Ot5rCM_hSJl2yUtUxkVAGd5_XGdWgdbzXAQEx9yAwX564g8mHAkeN7JyYw5i8GiMLFDaa6f6sZOCEKyyam2KPw8R5EUW_Odn8NZuhXHr-stqb9KATo4tiAWrijvdBHO0YvthGNuRlBML/w410-h231/1576799555-gardens_(crop).jpg" width="410" /></a></div>Police and soldiers rampaged over the next few days. They rounded up over 150 Rastafarians in four Jamaican parishes. Since the leader of the incident had already been killed, and his five accomplices killed or accounted for, most of the Rastafarians rounded up in the aftermath had nothing to do with the incident. Still, they were beaten and tortured, hair and beards trimmed; some were shot, and some killed. Civilians formed vigilante groups that also hunted and brutalized the Rastafarian bredren, stoning, beating them, and cutting them with glass bottles.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQLbXUe5VPr41mWQGSEagBJ1g6A778yRozyIb9eZsna9P5t_1aztbNMqp-HvAi6zOu-dwgFg03yiFP7JAz0huA9-tyPW2rtuEr-UsoBMoqbSuhss1xo8SS3HVOgvpFgq-sK0D8YKjjGB_pJo3BfbPlDCNP9I17oAzDz80ej5Xmb7tJ8TIRhtQR6pHp/s432/BadFriday_CoralGardens2%20(1).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="432" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQLbXUe5VPr41mWQGSEagBJ1g6A778yRozyIb9eZsna9P5t_1aztbNMqp-HvAi6zOu-dwgFg03yiFP7JAz0huA9-tyPW2rtuEr-UsoBMoqbSuhss1xo8SS3HVOgvpFgq-sK0D8YKjjGB_pJo3BfbPlDCNP9I17oAzDz80ej5Xmb7tJ8TIRhtQR6pHp/w670-h313/BadFriday_CoralGardens2%20(1).jpg" width="670" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b>*</b> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In the film Bad Friday, Rudolph Franklyn's daughter stated that Franklyn had farmed on land that his father had left him. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b>Sources:</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Campbell, Horace. </span><i style="font-size: large;">Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney<br /></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://carolynjoycooper.wordpress.com/2013/04/07/bring-in-all-rastas-dead-or-alive/">https://carolynjoycooper.wordpress.com/2013/04/07/bring-in-all-rastas-dead-or-alive/</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://opd.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Investigation-Into-The-April-1963-Incident-at-Coral-Gardens.pdf">https://opd.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Investigation-Into-The-April-1963-Incident-at-Coral-Gardens.pdf</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">Maxwell, John and Desta Planno, Mortimo Togo. "Rastafari and the Coral Gardens Incident". <i>The Jamaica Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i>, edited by Diana Paton and Matthew J. Smith, New York, USA: Duke University Press, 2021, pp. 302-306. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478013099-079">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478013099-079</a></span></span></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-62679947535709431802019-10-16T22:15:00.001-04:002019-10-16T22:20:30.389-04:00Garveyism: Ujamma Is The Abeng Collection Mission <h3 style="text-align: center;">
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The Abeng Collection: Our Mission - <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Garveyism" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Garveyism" data-pwa-id="pwa-B6B4C5E3DD0CF966644E2B22DD6829A1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Garvey ism"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Garveyism" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Garveyism" data-pwa-id="pwa-71EF30EF350A739E70FA276DD364CBA1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Garvey ism"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Garveyism" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Garveyism" data-pwa-id="pwa-428D2E6D3F5B67B48A647CD7286BE133" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Garvey ism"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Garveyism" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Garveyism" data-pwa-id="pwa-CC8F0AC081BBF0EE7E1808EF0F3A3974" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Garvey ism"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Garveyism" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Garveyism" data-pwa-id="pwa-CB95E6C38FF762785600A28CEC90592B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Garvey ism">Garveyism</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 400;">When Marcus Garvey trod the world in the early 1900s, he noticed that people of African descent filled the lower rungs of the socio-economic ladder in most societies he encountered. Garvey recognised the need for Africans to uplift themselves: mentally, spiritually and economically. He realised the importance that men and women of African descent <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="unite" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-B3F762C30414E691CE8699ECE495D134" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_UNITE_44" data-pwa-suggestions="unit"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="unite" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-546D9311C25A19288DD4B3D6DFCB1027" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_UNITE_44" data-pwa-suggestions="unit">unite</pwa></pwa>, under one accord, Africa for Africans at home and abroad. He preached cooperative economics </span>(<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ujamaa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ujamaa" data-pwa-id="pwa-C04ECA09C29FD7584E8F1538F7C03DB9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="name~same~time~some~me"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ujamaa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ujamaa" data-pwa-id="pwa-332152D35E070345317615664F1F35B7" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="name~same~time~some~me"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ujamaa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ujamaa" data-pwa-id="pwa-1618EE7A036FB8EC6BF8FA199DE6F5BA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="name~same~time~some~me"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ujamaa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ujamaa" data-pwa-id="pwa-4BB821B87E1060289ECB19A9ED45118D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="name~same~time~some~me"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ujamaa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ujamaa" data-pwa-id="pwa-E18F4EDDAE614A06D89E357249972083" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="name~same~time~some~me">ujamaa</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>)<span style="font-weight: 400;"> and started black-owned businesses that encouraged world-wide trade between people of African </span><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="descentWherever" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unusual capitalization. Have you capitalized the wrong letter in this word?" data-pwa-id="pwa-9C5AB1319C71A299785540E3C36C197D" data-pwa-rule-id="CAPITALIZATION" data-pwa-suggestions="" style="font-weight: 400;">descent. </pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="descentWherever" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unusual capitalization. Have you capitalized the wrong letter in this word?" data-pwa-id="pwa-9C5AB1319C71A299785540E3C36C197D" data-pwa-rule-id="CAPITALIZATION" data-pwa-suggestions="" style="font-weight: 400;">Wherever</pwa><span style="font-weight: 400;"> he travelled, Marcus chanted. "Up, Up, Ye mighty nation, you can accomplish what you will!" </span></h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 400;">In the spirit of The Right and Honourable Marcus Mosiah Garvey, The Abeng Collection steps forth with our mission to unite Africans at home and in the diaspora. The principle of </span>Ujamaa <span style="font-weight: normal;">(cooperative economics) steeps our mission. By bringing African and African diaspora designers to the world market, we link people together through economics by establishing commerce and trade between Africans in North, South and Central America, the Caribbean and Africa<pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" ." data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may not require a space before it. Consider removing the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-0E589B70E29CE08AB4AA9D5CE9194772" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions=".">.</pwa> The Abeng Collection's goal is to control every link in the supply chain, from means of production through distribution to retail. </span></h3>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">"Take advantage of every opportunity; where there is none, make it for yourself!" </span></i><span style="font-size: large;">~ Marcus Garvey</span></b></blockquote>
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<b>READ MORE:</b><br />
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<a href="http://theabengandmyconsciouspen.com/abeng-collection.html#.XafNjBZDUts.blogger">The Abeng Collection by House of Dalle</a>: The Abeng Collection, fitted, custom designed clothing with <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="african" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: african" data-pwa-id="pwa-5401622668DCB59E8160A1C85AC26A46" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="African~averaging~Afrikaner"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="african" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: african" data-pwa-id="pwa-22C1EA69114F889D6A8E5C084CFF4CFB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="African~averaging~Afrikaner"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="african" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: african" data-pwa-id="pwa-0FDBE7E43B0ED90B3507BBE8B82AAC3F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="African~averaging~Afrikaner"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="african" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: african" data-pwa-id="pwa-4DBFD4A87F97A7FF9FB613AEC905EE19" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="African~averaging~Afrikaner"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="african" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: african" data-pwa-id="pwa-92656D455321687586B1E2C3830DF4DA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="African~averaging~Afrikaner">african</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> styles and tones.<br />
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<br />Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-48927323941787591342019-10-07T22:20:00.002-04:002022-04-14T08:41:13.847-04:00Protoje Interviews With i Never Knew TV: Talks About Walter Rodney's and Marcus Garvey's Influence<h3 style="text-align: center;">
Protoje Explains How Reasoning With <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jah" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jah" data-pwa-id="pwa-964FFBE3C2B9B6763EC2A8B95B289790" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Jay~Jan~ah~Ah~Jam">Jah</pwa> 9 About Marcus Garvey And Walter Rodney Helped Him Transition Towards A Greater Musical and Lyrical Consciousness</h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Protoje says that reading helped him become more socially aware. His lyrical content became more </span><i><span style="font-size: large;"></span></i><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="upful" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: upful" data-pwa-id="pwa-FE91C80B65F3FC2D4D51D383FA5B8514" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="cupful~Apfel"><i><span style="font-size: large;">upful</span></i></pwa><i><span style="font-size: large;"></span></i><span style="font-size: large;"> and positive once he </span><span style="font-size: large;">began studying conscious </span><span style="font-size: large;">leaders and writers like</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Garvey and Rodney</span><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" ." data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may not require a space before it. Consider removing the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-FA0893F870377055ED42263B2D2B6050" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions="." style="font-size: x-large;">.</pwa></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Interviewer</b> asks: <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Make sure that all of the quotations and brackets in this paragraph are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-A970EEB407EA1D4969BD27E8F270B5DE" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">"</pwa>What were <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="some of the" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Consider using 'some'." data-pwa-id="pwa-7A43F0FA1F6D28716445B13EF3797071" data-pwa-rule-id="SOME_OF_THE" data-pwa-suggestions="some">some of the</pwa> books that opened up your heavens?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Protoje</b> answers: <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Make sure that all of the quotations and brackets in this paragraph are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-F79D692B7C78C9DF1956FAD6E1CA610F" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">"</pwa>The first book that changed everything for me was Groundings With My Brothers by Walter Rodney...</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jah" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jah" data-pwa-id="pwa-6CA357749D1B6ED1497F9C8D938B9A33" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Jan~Ja~Jay~Jar~Joh">Jah</pwa> 9 brought me to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="iNation" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: iNation" data-pwa-id="pwa-D184BE4CB6F39E0951A2CE3120334482" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Imation~Nation~Iration~Enation~nation">iNation</pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" and" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="You might need a comma before this conjunction if it joins two independent clauses. If the sentence is short and well balanced, some people choose to omit the comma, but you'll never be wrong to include it in this case." data-pwa-id="pwa-8A723F8B3E48A01460D514AB575D7E4F" data-pwa-rule-id="CC" data-pwa-suggestions=", and"> and</pwa> he had heard my music and he was like these is what I need to give you to read. And I think he gave me Groundings With My Brothers and he gave me a Marcus Garvey book...<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Make sure that all of the quotations and brackets in this paragraph are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-B0B86F94D9B7393903379AE3B290B578" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">"</pwa></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Words matter. Lyrical content matters. </span></div>
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-886300533005783882019-08-22T16:20:00.001-04:002019-08-22T16:27:21.491-04:00Kaya Omodele's Cries of Redemption eBook on Smashwords at a Special Earthday Price<h2>
<b>Cries of Redemption at A Special, <pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Smashwords" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Smashwords" data-pwa-id="pwa-F3F180C1BCF8F6DC22BD2CC0C99EC116" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Smash words"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Smashwords" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Smashwords" data-pwa-id="pwa-A6C5A17C53EA46AD8BD2743E2653F922" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Smash words"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Smashwords" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Smashwords" data-pwa-id="pwa-DF10B01BE7D989FA6BCD5A1915F41E11" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Smash words">Smash</pwa></pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Smashwords" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Smashwords" data-pwa-id="pwa-A6C5A17C53EA46AD8BD2743E2653F922" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Smash words"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Smashwords" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Smashwords" data-pwa-id="pwa-DF10B01BE7D989FA6BCD5A1915F41E11" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Smash words">words</pwa></pwa></pwa> Rate!</b></h2>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">From now through my <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Earthday" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Earthday" data-pwa-id="pwa-5CC9DF09257E3A30320BA6D7AA1DCC1D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="earthed">Earthday</pwa> in September, I am offering Cries of Redemption on <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Smashwords" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Smashwords" data-pwa-id="pwa-1AE79F77AB93401D58D734BB5DA9C22A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Smash words">Smashwords</pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="fo" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: fo" data-pwa-id="pwa-A2B159A1D512B328C8A3F0D3B55C88DA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="of~to~for~do~so">for just </pwa>one dollar. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">My debut book, Cries of Redemption <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is comprised of" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: comprises" data-pwa-id="pwa-950E6B503D9244F264EC0790DBD6BD01" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1249" data-pwa-suggestions="comprises">is comprised of</pwa> Short Stories, Poetry and Essays with themes of the Caribbean and the African Diaspora. The stories are highly vivid and most are didactic or educational, while being entertaining. Along with being literary, this book also makes a great gift for teenagers and college students. It is an exotic and visually appealing coffee table or bedside, nightstand piece.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="smashwords-widget" data-bgcolor="#fafafa" data-body="Cries of Redemption is comprised of Short Stories, Poetry and Essays with themes of the Caribbean and the African Diaspora. The stories are highly vivid and most are didactic or educational, while being entertaining. Along with being literary, this book also makes a great gift for teenagers and college students. It is an exotic and visually appealing coffee table or bedside, nightstand piece." data-buttoncolor="#27ff00" data-font="sans" data-headline="Cries of Redemption (The Abeng and My Conscious Pen)" data-height="480" data-items="book:793704" data-ribboncolor="#f57309" data-ribbontext="$1.00" data-type="single" data-width="550" style="height: 480px; width: 550px;">
</div>
<script async="async" id="smashwords-widget-js" src="//www.smashwidgets.com/1/widgets.js"></script>Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-19017007246770025652019-08-18T10:58:00.000-04:002019-10-05T15:41:35.868-04:00Walter Rodney's The Groundings With My Brothers at 50: The Production of a Seminal Text (speech by Ewart Thomas)<div class="MsoNormal">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ewart <pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-6F0930D3CB22C9BA47C8CB4C66C71A52" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-8852D0BCD8C26DE8F57AFB406A28C76C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-B9DE3CC367744E3B6B10DA22EDEEFFF8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-1FA42729AC67069FB012DAE852872953" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-5A841F93E5E01D89DDF39F23ECB975FB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-9234C2780A7F199216E626BCEB90CC1C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-23512B06FCB82BFC309EA618524DE69B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-291B308BD49531133B865EE54249A5C5" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-BB5CE39F921DA7FFC02F64BFF8E88B64" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-59A576FA1EF51976F163621C3EEAB369" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford">Thomas </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></span><span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-6F0930D3CB22C9BA47C8CB4C66C71A52" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-8852D0BCD8C26DE8F57AFB406A28C76C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-B9DE3CC367744E3B6B10DA22EDEEFFF8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-1FA42729AC67069FB012DAE852872953" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-5A841F93E5E01D89DDF39F23ECB975FB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-9234C2780A7F199216E626BCEB90CC1C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-23512B06FCB82BFC309EA618524DE69B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-291B308BD49531133B865EE54249A5C5" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-BB5CE39F921DA7FFC02F64BFF8E88B64" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ThomasStanford" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ThomasStanford" data-pwa-id="pwa-59A576FA1EF51976F163621C3EEAB369" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Thomas Stanford">Stanford</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> University </span>(<span style="font-size: large;">Presented at the Walter Rodney Symposium, Atlanta, GA, 3/23/18)</span></h2>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Introduction</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">I’m very grateful to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Pat Rodney" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Pat Rodney" data-pwa-id="pwa-B3FCBF6F23ECD866DBF1E6758330501A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Pat Rooney"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Pat Rodney" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Pat Rodney" data-pwa-id="pwa-6E7513BC9D3F737B054695C5C6887274" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Pat Rooney"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Pat Rodney" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Pat Rodney" data-pwa-id="pwa-AFBDA7229920BB040759CD8E1732C72A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Pat Rooney"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Pat Rodney" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Pat Rodney" data-pwa-id="pwa-444F27E513FF046C862CE2794012DCCE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Pat Rooney">Pat Rodney</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, Asha Rodney and the Walter
Rodney Foundation<b> </b>for inviting me to join in this retrospective on
Walter’s 1<sup>st</sup> book, <i><b>The Groundings with My Brothers</b> (</i>1969). This year is the
50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the conception of the book. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is important that we find time to share our memories and
impressions of significant social and political events, like the publication of
this book. This is partly as a corrective for the distortions that must
occur over time in individual memories, and partly because the information
going into each individual memory is <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="almost certainly " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-0C66636AE078C8666CD0CC006C03B49C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_465" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="almost certainly " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-84EE2323A517E1A835CADAE07BBCC70F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_465" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="almost certainly " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-D1F00449352569367C9E7AAE72442C17" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_465" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="almost certainly " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-C3272392DA1466EC6C8305C59E753F4A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_465" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">almost certainly </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>incomplete.
None of us gets the full context, and the full picture, and we need to pool our
memories <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="to fully appreciate" data-pwa-hint="Split infinitive. Some people strongly object to this type of construction, especially in formal writing. If your reader is likely to object to the split infinitive, rewrite the sentence to avoid its use." data-pwa-id="pwa-99CE3C478FEF47838E843D8BE4EA6DAD" data-pwa-rule-id="SPLT_INFI" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="to fully appreciate" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Split infinitive. Some people strongly object to this type of construction, especially in formal writing. If your reader is likely to object to the split infinitive, rewrite the sentence to avoid its use." data-pwa-id="pwa-0807D460C4BF8723D526234950316D78" data-pwa-rule-id="SPLT_INFI" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="to fully appreciate" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Split infinitive. Some people strongly object to this type of construction, especially in formal writing. If your reader is likely to object to the split infinitive, rewrite the sentence to avoid its use." data-pwa-id="pwa-9269BE774085DF12EF68F1C1DEFDBF60" data-pwa-rule-id="SPLT_INFI" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="to fully appreciate" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Split infinitive. Some people strongly object to this type of construction, especially in formal writing. If your reader is likely to object to the split infinitive, rewrite the sentence to avoid its use." data-pwa-id="pwa-341F20ADE1A9201FE8DE6D8F7D885C4D" data-pwa-rule-id="SPLT_INFI" data-pwa-suggestions="">to fully appreciate</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> the event.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">For example, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a couple of" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: two" data-pwa-id="pwa-3A6054E4540BEF306FD4DA4D10DDD973" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_122" data-pwa-suggestions="two"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a couple of" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: two" data-pwa-id="pwa-D1434454E10BEAB1B499AEA4615CCCBB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_122" data-pwa-suggestions="two"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a couple of" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: two" data-pwa-id="pwa-88F89B0433F7260AEB9A269CBD5E02DE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_122" data-pwa-suggestions="two"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a couple of" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: two" data-pwa-id="pwa-AC4552779594AFD3C63C435F9FA29C1D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_122" data-pwa-suggestions="two">a couple of</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> weeks ago, I called Richard Small,
who wrote the <i>Introduction</i> to the 1<sup>st</sup> Edition of <i>Groundings</i>,
to see if he was coming to this Symposium. He wasn’t sure, but we got to
talking about <i>Groundings</i>, and he gave me some fascinating details about
how the book <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was partially funded" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-76659D0197CBBCB00279CD28E0630A1E" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was partially funded" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-430644E7CDBD344D0776FAFB48966B0E" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was partially funded" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-26E415A04E3A8FB949A27E254E337303" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was partially funded" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5894AEB9E2A83F4895130A17DC455586" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">was partially funded</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> through the sale of a poster of the <i>Madonna
and Child</i>, created by <b><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-id="pwa-7344520776729EBABB060AE51865F8B1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Ras Daniel Heartman"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-id="pwa-D5205A1F9126BC2C4ECA24623AD7660C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Ras Daniel Heartman"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-id="pwa-7510A45F4485B82D28E092FA0D35C389" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Ras Daniel Heartman"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Ras Daniel Hartman" data-pwa-id="pwa-442912B4CA9B16F58F756FC6CBB26159" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Ras Daniel Heartman">Ras Daniel Hartman</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></b>. I never knew about
the connection between the posters and the book. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The memory that I had, but Richard did not have, was of a
conversation I had with Walter during one of his visits to Stanford. He
said that, if he were deciding on the title, he probably would have chosen <i>The
Ground<b>ing</b> with My Brothers</i>. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="That is, he" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: He" data-pwa-id="pwa-5D68FE8340AB5ECCDC8197F1CB02F829" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_820" data-pwa-suggestions="He"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="That is, he" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: He" data-pwa-id="pwa-2C6308DC0CDDBE94C0489B0E240BA6EC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_820" data-pwa-suggestions="He"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="That is, he" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: He" data-pwa-id="pwa-5F948591A60297F02296455065CFAEAB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_820" data-pwa-suggestions="He"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="That is, he" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: He" data-pwa-id="pwa-3C9411CE68BAB7C27D0D6F3770B37DA3" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_820" data-pwa-suggestions="He">That is, he</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> would have used the <b>singular</b>
noun to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="indicate" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: show" data-pwa-id="pwa-1A91396DE310F586CB48C95AA73703FF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2061" data-pwa-suggestions="show"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="indicate" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: show" data-pwa-id="pwa-93228D1D19C225249671B803222CE89F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2061" data-pwa-suggestions="show"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="indicate" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: show" data-pwa-id="pwa-2EE6DE64EB97ADA098B6AF147837ACF3" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2061" data-pwa-suggestions="show"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="indicate" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: show" data-pwa-id="pwa-F854EB40306543E3D328664320634C3E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2061" data-pwa-suggestions="show">indicate</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> the <i><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-9BE3DBD9B2FEFC26B677095BF85309B1" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A629CE7D9C773394E316DD2E7933BC3D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-76086D1A4448E279F123F434E685FD31" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A9DBDA90302152EFE1E93F96E7289DB9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-CAEB98BE351FE237F8419AD964893C07" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-536F0FD6BC7892140A1FDD41E42F7DEC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-23ED78A500E811444D65879E154717FD" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-D4A1F585C76A975A21D8B844C21EBE5F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-2FF5068B0A00937B8918D5B5B34AD068" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-5AAD77AFEA78103990D1D6BC1D47B894" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-B4359A8064B034C5F3D627DC816A818E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F1E5FB58567DF1053E60210607C073D8" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-E9568B2F15FFBD3269A67B51417247A5" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F66EACF7DC1B838690D30F1A931546FB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-70E5DA22357ED083BC9210ECB28286C2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-AD70E20604F6E35DFBBECED4C24221AA" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">type</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></i><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-9BE3DBD9B2FEFC26B677095BF85309B1" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A629CE7D9C773394E316DD2E7933BC3D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-76086D1A4448E279F123F434E685FD31" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A9DBDA90302152EFE1E93F96E7289DB9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-CAEB98BE351FE237F8419AD964893C07" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-536F0FD6BC7892140A1FDD41E42F7DEC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-23ED78A500E811444D65879E154717FD" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-D4A1F585C76A975A21D8B844C21EBE5F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-2FF5068B0A00937B8918D5B5B34AD068" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-5AAD77AFEA78103990D1D6BC1D47B894" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-B4359A8064B034C5F3D627DC816A818E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F1E5FB58567DF1053E60210607C073D8" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-E9568B2F15FFBD3269A67B51417247A5" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F66EACF7DC1B838690D30F1A931546FB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-70E5DA22357ED083BC9210ECB28286C2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-AD70E20604F6E35DFBBECED4C24221AA" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"> </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><i><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-9BE3DBD9B2FEFC26B677095BF85309B1" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A629CE7D9C773394E316DD2E7933BC3D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-76086D1A4448E279F123F434E685FD31" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A9DBDA90302152EFE1E93F96E7289DB9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-CAEB98BE351FE237F8419AD964893C07" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-536F0FD6BC7892140A1FDD41E42F7DEC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-23ED78A500E811444D65879E154717FD" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-D4A1F585C76A975A21D8B844C21EBE5F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-2FF5068B0A00937B8918D5B5B34AD068" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-5AAD77AFEA78103990D1D6BC1D47B894" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-B4359A8064B034C5F3D627DC816A818E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F1E5FB58567DF1053E60210607C073D8" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-E9568B2F15FFBD3269A67B51417247A5" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F66EACF7DC1B838690D30F1A931546FB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-70E5DA22357ED083BC9210ECB28286C2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-AD70E20604F6E35DFBBECED4C24221AA" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1942" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">of </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><b>activity</b></i><b> </b>taking
place in all the sessions, rather than the plural, <i>Ground<b>ings</b></i>,
which refers to the set of individual sessions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Walter was a preeminent historian and political
activist. But, to my mind, he was<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", first and" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-27FC63479F715833DF04E25B9DAD5A8C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_785" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", first and" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-1F17075CE6FB05F71D014B1E83DA0D5F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_785" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", first and" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-79E4B307E276C5A70342B46C74ABE48E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_785" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", first and" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-BD695FE3FD75D247158EB3C151360DE6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_785" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">, first and</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> foremost, the quintessential
intellectual who enjoyed debating the finer points of language and
logic<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-DB5AA6F5327214BDE7D2ABA2FE20E3C9" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-AFD25D57DAB3BB463173205D246EED9E" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-A1048F6092CF5665823DD3FDFD515D61" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-EF4B4F8013AFFE6DC66234EE2D60A6DA" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>and who enjoyed debating, period. He played a mean game
of chess, and he was a connoisseur of languages! For example, when he was
researching his thesis on the Upper Guinea Coast, he would come across archival
documents in Spanish, which he spoke fluently, and in Portuguese, which he
hadn’t yet learnt. To most of us, this would be a big problem, but to him
it was a source of excitement<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-71CA8E51A73EA14AF1162B95C53A7378" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-713A541FA73CF2D2E7525A401A4A6421" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-8E1206175261660DC9BE035720D90E9D" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-45EFBAADBF994363CC139B393B615DCE" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>how could he use his high school
French, Spanish and Latin to figure out the Portuguese <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-9093D438E0861369BF8678EDBFE7C696" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2250" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-406440849DE4B21B41A78D396A0235FE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2250" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-771EEE71AF87F03D81F78AA3F34B7FEF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2250" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-0838FB40C1228C277FD6CCBB03F62415" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2250" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">that </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>was in the
documents. Later on, he told me <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-404FDAF3B9C95497B30A0C48A2627419" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1888" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-5C5A158AC8713200BA51BCA3B9BF681A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1888" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-0A8B98638E24D5CC73A822385BFE1EFB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1888" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-92EA3DF0C5D7C6CED93FB280FBABA2C7" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1888" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">that </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>he was thinking of writing something
that relied on his languages (which included Portuguese at that point!), rather
than on history <i>per se</i>. He never got around to this project!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Speaking of Walter’s archival research (this is not directly
about <i>Groundings</i>), when he was working on The History of the Upper
Guinea Coast, the archives he went to for documents also had materials on
Guyanese history, and he would uncover some gems from time to time. For
example, he told me about the Rev. Robert T. Frank, a minister of the
Congregational Church in New Amsterdam, Berbice. Frank<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", it turns out," data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-3C27995A552451ED4B4E5D9C6A5407E9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_365" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", it turns out," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-40EF59E906D6A3C7D677DDF25912565C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_365" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", it turns out," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-87951BBA7FBCAB22D5FC462D657CA0B1" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_365" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", it turns out," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-3CCE57F56B6908BED86978CCFA63A44B" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_365" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">, it turns out,</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> was a
nationalist who broke away from the Congregational Union and started his own
church in 1911, Independent Congregational Church, renamed Frank Memorial
Church after Frank’s death. I attended the “mainstream” Mission Chapel
Congregational Church in N/A, and we would only go to Frank Church for the
occasional funeral or other special event. It was only after that conversation
with Walter that I realized that there must have been an important person named
Frank, after <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="whom the church was named" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-D1D7294726030FBEDE601AA909779084" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="whom they named~whom I named~whom we named~whom someone named~whom it named"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="whom the church was named" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-827D09807D7E35135BF968DD0EA21EFF" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="whom they named~whom I named~whom we named~whom someone named~whom it named"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="whom the church was named" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-24C5912EE0FBD96E56EDC7DBA75ECECA" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="whom they named~whom I named~whom we named~whom someone named~whom it named"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="whom the church was named" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6E7B3CE4979D041A1C35E80C970B6840" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="whom they named~whom I named~whom we named~whom someone named~whom it named">whom the church was named</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, and that there might be an interesting
history behind the relationship between those two churches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>The Groundings with My Brothers</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Let’s turn now to the story about <i>Groundings</i>.
<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="As I said earlier" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: Earlier" data-pwa-id="pwa-71683A37A3809D6602A00937C1209E03" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_230" data-pwa-suggestions="Earlier"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="As I said earlier" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: Earlier" data-pwa-id="pwa-4C777495F26CECEEDFA881DE3B39245A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_230" data-pwa-suggestions="Earlier"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="As I said earlier" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: Earlier" data-pwa-id="pwa-FBF7D1C49ACC6FB4AEF5AA7530971374" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_230" data-pwa-suggestions="Earlier"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="As I said earlier" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: Earlier" data-pwa-id="pwa-7E2EBDA2B5AAE9E9DC7E45EA4C271BD5" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_230" data-pwa-suggestions="Earlier">As I said earlier</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, no one person knows all the details. The simple
version starts with Walter being refused re-entry into Jamaica in October
1968, after he attended a conference in Montreal. Walter was a socialist,
had visited Cuba and the USSR, and spent a lot of time grounding with the <b>Rastas</b>,
and the poor, trying to raise their political consciousness. The JLP government
felt that he was a <b>danger</b> to Jamaica. <b>UWI students <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="demonstrated" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: showed" data-pwa-id="pwa-070F6AD49FCDE3E577A8F215AA80BFCC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2033" data-pwa-suggestions="showed"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="demonstrated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: showed" data-pwa-id="pwa-FD383B928A2311BD30B2F3D9E6AA38B2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2033" data-pwa-suggestions="showed"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="demonstrated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: showed" data-pwa-id="pwa-1837BE51DE9044A031F4A54E995B1921" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2033" data-pwa-suggestions="showed"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="demonstrated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: showed" data-pwa-id="pwa-50C82036463BEDEC93A1F62BD22C3FF2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2033" data-pwa-suggestions="showed">demonstrated</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></b>
<b>on the Mona campus</b>, then marched to the PM’s residence, and then to the
parliament building in Kingston. On the way, others joined in, the march
became violent, several people <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were killed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EE18B07F754800E4D2F0D65E43EF0DB5" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were killed" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-16E08B4E42C3319CDB8392F40EC1831F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were killed" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-18AAA2966AF20F6AC26B2229D1E4AEE0" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were killed" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-460E7FF648E62082F97D6EB25B40AE0E" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">were killed</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, and there was property damage to
the tune of $$M. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There was outrage in the Caribbean and elsewhere; and
there were demonstrations at the Jamaican Tourist Board in London. A
group of Walter’s friends in London discussed ways of responding to the
high-handed action of the J’can <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="govt" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: govt" data-pwa-id="pwa-83851ED7D3088F2DFD5BF39DF5B0B95F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="got~Govt~goat~gout~gov"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="govt" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: govt" data-pwa-id="pwa-7A4C32758CE479CAEC49EC0E27DDD9E1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="got~Govt~goat~gout~gov"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="govt" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: govt" data-pwa-id="pwa-48684AABE1E0C9ABA84CF462BAF84A17" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="got~Govt~goat~gout~gov"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="govt" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: govt" data-pwa-id="pwa-1826137DE6D9CC061650FAE156F91FD8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="got~Govt~goat~gout~gov">govt</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" After all" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-67352B25B74A631BCA519D4021BBAACE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_665" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" After all" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-67C67F49124E6205B0582C8C971494B9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_665" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" After all" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-FDDFC2893BECA1FFDF6933D662F6C2CA" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_665" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" After all" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-1BE5110B8367BA840857CF1F5A6F25EB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_665" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"> After all</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, UWI is a West
Indian institution, not a J’can one. This group included <b>Jessica and Eric
Huntley, Richard Small, Chris Le Maitre, Andrew Salkey, Errol Lloyd, John La
Rose, Barbara Joseph</b>, and others. Richard had a copy of the lectures
Walter had given to the Rastas during the nine <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="or so " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-9327D15C8850B6495EF461E32C15F762" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_93" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="or so " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-6B2AEDFF010674C7F684F289454497EF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_93" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="or so " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-E56E36D8B5611B5B15D8E84330410CBE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_93" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="or so " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-20DC249F8D0E5987E96A4E5C9EDF1331" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_93" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">or so </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>months he lived in Jamaica,
and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the decision was made" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-3F949373AA261D8BDA0F14BE1A37CA55" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I made the decision~they made the decision~it made the decision~we made the decision"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the decision was made" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-610976CA20A55D184FC822B461457B9A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I made the decision~they made the decision~it made the decision~we made the decision"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the decision was made" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F9E3C84B7ABBD6027870DD04FC87663C" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I made the decision~they made the decision~it made the decision~we made the decision"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the decision was made" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-94FBEF0D62FC04D4FC152766428B6C5F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I made the decision~they made the decision~it made the decision~we made the decision">the decision was made</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="try to " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-5B6C69074C2072FC772EDE3E57DBB636" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1079" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="try to " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-8BC67B5A5CEB0A5DDFC3759475990CDD" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1079" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="try to " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-166626AD28CF5047A502E9DFF44AF3EE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1079" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="try to " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-C8D9B124B27CB47FDBED968BAD7050D6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1079" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">try to </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>publish them as a book. This
initial group then recruited others to help, people like, <b>Waveney Bushell,
Claire Jean-Pierre, Fitzroy Griffith, Anne Johnson, Margaret Busby, Dale
Saunders</b>, and others. I was in this later group, and we worked
together to get <i>Groundings</i> published, and then sold out against long
odds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="In order to" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: To" data-pwa-id="pwa-CECD265ADA951B45846A0C3E1F505B2C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_640" data-pwa-suggestions="To"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></pwa><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="In order to" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: To" data-pwa-id="pwa-D418236955C3982FFBEA4F8A3D830110" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_640" data-pwa-suggestions="To"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="In order to" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: To" data-pwa-id="pwa-2DD1E6D84A961A78BF21731040160FA1" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_640" data-pwa-suggestions="To"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="In order to" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: To" data-pwa-id="pwa-1842479E5835EB305E05A7309BF40E07" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_640" data-pwa-suggestions="To"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="In order to" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: To" data-pwa-id="pwa-F541F5C5AF100AA4F27F78C479E5EC64" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_640" data-pwa-suggestions="To">In order to</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> publish a book, we needed a publisher who
would find the contents “attractive.” It didn’t take long to realize that
we would have to form our own publishing house. We were reluctant to do
so, because we had no experience in publishing, and Richard was about to return
to Jamaica. Anyway, Jessica and Eric <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="decided to forge" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: forged" data-pwa-id="pwa-FE5618942A4271AD4756AFCE985C6265" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_682" data-pwa-suggestions="forged"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="decided to forge" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: forged" data-pwa-id="pwa-71FA4CCD1DB86E98277853C7CF9539BD" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_682" data-pwa-suggestions="forged"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="decided to forge" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: forged" data-pwa-id="pwa-DC51BBD0C3817D244AFA84AC4ACCE0DF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_682" data-pwa-suggestions="forged"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="decided to forge" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: forged" data-pwa-id="pwa-CC1C07A05367FB7EAB44C4D2D08B39F8" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_682" data-pwa-suggestions="forged">decided to forge</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> ahead, and we had to
come up with a name. I think Richard suggested <b>L’Ouverture</b> (after
Toussaint, the 18<sup>th</sup> century Haitian general who defeated the
French), Chris suggested <b>Bogle</b> (after Paul, who led the 1865 Morant Bay
Rebellion), and Andrew suggested combining them to get <i>Bogle-L’Ouverture
Publications</i>. While I was editing the manuscript, I noticed that most
publishers have a logo, so I sat down and created one with the
B, L and P superimposed on top of each other! John La Rose recommended us
to his printer, Villiers Press. We <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="managed to raise" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: raised" data-pwa-id="pwa-CB1EED60DA553C51C0CD1647D59C092C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1805" data-pwa-suggestions="raised"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="managed to raise" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: raised" data-pwa-id="pwa-2A33F8F05C446D42EDC5501FEEC0F9DE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1805" data-pwa-suggestions="raised"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="managed to raise" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: raised" data-pwa-id="pwa-715F3B9DE3D814248BEA4ECECA305606" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1805" data-pwa-suggestions="raised"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="managed to raise" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: raised" data-pwa-id="pwa-42AF4D646F630E32787151F1A7959EF3" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1805" data-pwa-suggestions="raised">managed to raise</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> the 300-500 pounds
required for the initial run of 1000 copies. And so <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the book was published" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-CFDE8D8DF76DE9411959EB87DC220A56" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I published the book~it published the book~they published the book~we published the book"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the book was published" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-C5469BAEACADB373EC8EE777CCE63E07" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I published the book~it published the book~they published the book~we published the book"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the book was published" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-62450DF8E504B9C5E6EEF4014A58D0DD" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I published the book~it published the book~they published the book~we published the book"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the book was published" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-BF77883C2AF28DB2561FB6C5496F4DB3" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I published the book~it published the book~they published the book~we published the book">the book was
published</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>!</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">That’s the simple version. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Of course, this" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: This" data-pwa-id="pwa-97F73129F8D01837DF96C104379022D6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_242" data-pwa-suggestions="This"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Of course, this" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: This" data-pwa-id="pwa-1D2F71FC63C86FC90CE27E2E73C91AE6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_242" data-pwa-suggestions="This"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Of course, this" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: This" data-pwa-id="pwa-28E180C755C7896F3D09530C09B9A660" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_242" data-pwa-suggestions="This"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Of course, this" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: This" data-pwa-id="pwa-A36228835EB6ECB6DADE589E5E15B065" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_242" data-pwa-suggestions="This">Of course, this</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>
raises a host of issues, such as, how to explain the motivation of this
group of publishing neophytes, and their success in getting the book
published. There were two small Black publishing houses<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" at the time" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-05D6229F1A8F789841F5477AE9BA1394" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_592" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" at the time" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A37E4E80E50A1353373A5C885F9A2977" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_592" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" at the time" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-CAA6BC691A8264F2759D30FB3D7DB757" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_592" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" at the time" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-023D42FF5B114988C2C5E1FB1EC38678" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_592" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"> at the
time</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>. <b><i>New Beacon Books</i></b>, founded in 1966 by John La Rose and Sarah
White, was the 1<sup>st</sup> independent publisher of Caribbean and
Black interest writings in the UK. Then there was <b>Allison and Busby</b>,
founded by <b>Margaret Busby and Clive Allison</b> in 1967<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-00145D47EE54B6D4FAB320D2C87A1AF1" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-AB1BD2192D33E0DE7841712F0DF97D0A" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-940B8F5A8A5D56B4B1E51A7508216532" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-544107731863CDE66AEC4B43F7B6C329" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>their
first book was <b><i>The Spook Who Sat by the Door</i> </b>(1969) by Sam
Greenlee. And that was it, as far as Black publishers <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were concerned" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9FCB5860FA83978EAAE86D2FCD2500D2" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were concerned" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-92F2B677C0F5CA3CBC731D90F3123B24" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were concerned" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-33D85C9F6D81973ED3D88D67138D7280" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were concerned" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-06E518EC9A44356DFCFD801474228BB0" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">were
concerned</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-4310628A6C4C9B8F181E3C0448C53354" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-C8DA7DC66A53B09AA3125803FB7B21E3" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-073C18043BC7C7F406716436B91CFA14" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-A803796C915EB45FD90D4451DA2BEEEA" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>and they were trying to get established. They were
both very supportive, but there was a limit. So the founding of BLP was a
milestone in the development of an independent, radical Black publishing
space in Britain; and it merits much further study by today’s
researchers. Part of the explanation for our success in the late 1960s
lies in the broader societal movements occurring around that time; and part
lies in the interpersonal ties within the group, and how that affected
individual choices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Societal movements</b>: Many of these are being
discussed at this weekend’s Symposium: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
Black Power movement in the USA, <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
Black Power salute at the Mexico games (We’re honored to have John Carlos
as our featured speaker!), <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
activism contained within the independence movements in the former British
colonies, <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
student movements in Europe, <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
increasing awareness of racial disparities in education in London, in
particular the growth of ESN schools (for Educationally Sub-Normal
children) that were separate from the mainstream schools. (There was
a 1967 report of the Inner London Education Authority, <i>Immigrant
Children in ESN Schools</i>, that <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was leaked" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-3220B6D95F03B2E98CC0D4B5188536DF" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was leaked" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1BF0369C3C74A2000EB0CD71F04841D1" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was leaked" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-623714D8706D951223712B75A2D27A48" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was leaked" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-83631F09896A1135C7EA1B235EE5D1BE" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">was leaked</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> to Bernard Coard, PhD student
at Sussex, by his cousin, an ILEA employee. Bernard presented the
findings at a conference in 1971; led to his 1971 book on the topic.)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
activism, leadership and community support provided by the West Indian
Students’ Centre in Earls Court. (They had presentations by
Caribbean leaders, debates, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="fêtes" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: fêtes" data-pwa-id="pwa-924618D5702316002713B5002C1EAAFB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="fetes~fates"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="fêtes" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: fêtes" data-pwa-id="pwa-2AC9991D9E65F97404F30D0E15C195A1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="fetes~fates"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="fêtes" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: fêtes" data-pwa-id="pwa-5088B2DDC0ADB45DD8E36C1B2A85D71C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="fetes~fates"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="fêtes" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: fêtes" data-pwa-id="pwa-887B8F2F1D372A5365EAD643C5CA45EA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="fetes~fates">fêtes</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, and a restaurant with cheap
food<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-1BC8905F714F56A1FD81FB37B0636F32" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-AB581DD03922D9BA2DD5BC1E341AEEF1" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-73B4C4E101A44A60EFB85F89928BFC30" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-E7262D13918855A0960DEFF7E01A8EC3" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>they even had a shower, this <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="at a time " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-232F7BA683CFB7EA02B52F132AA0D16A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_866" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="at a time " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-26CD5E000E66FDC14B61E70AC4F2CF3F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_866" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="at a time " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-FE8EFD300E5485D851E856A27C7BB7D1" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_866" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="at a time " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-43CC5E3B61A07380376D6B96F2954DC8" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_866" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">at a time </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>when many
homes in the UK did not have baths or showers!)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Personal Attitudes and Interpersonal Ties</b>: Many in
the BLP group were personal friends of Walter Rodney and of the Huntleys.
<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="The role of the Huntleys is well described" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-38493F7256923230FD7BEBBAF0DCCE08" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="It well describes the role of the Huntleys"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="The role of the Huntleys is well described" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-196303BB215BA1ADB3A0DBF4BFF476C6" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="It well describes the role of the Huntleys"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="The role of the Huntleys is well described" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-C58334FF057F87FBB60038D61588349E" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="It well describes the role of the Huntleys"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="The role of the Huntleys is well described" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-61087880A9C2B97BDA7690997D37853F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="It well describes the role of the Huntleys">The role of the Huntleys is well described</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> in a 2013 book, <i>Doing Nothing Is
Not An Option: The Radical Lives of Eric & Jessica Huntley</i>, by Margaret
Andrews. Some members of the group had well-formed political attitudes,
but others, like myself, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were driven" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A41F98CC18730761DB5CBA30066EBBF4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were driven" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7EC8C20A018A2595882A696790132EC0" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were driven" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F8258795147F97011BAF7E2F7EF6D711" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were driven" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DF215BA603213E18B082B37F073DEAB7" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">were driven</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> more by interpersonal ties.<span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1565710150698_47281192292340024" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1565710151718_4122397829811897" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1565710157872_29660411267878706" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1565710158727_1919628678092291" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">How did Richard get copies of Walter’s lectures? Roger met Walter at a Cuba conference for Caribbean students<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-BD75BE64EEE059AAF83BB7248B34D6C1" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-FB2628EA3E26BF53617F2967760EF338" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-5C793E9500A9C8E72DC599FB675CA69A" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-C40EF12F11207C96132ECC39363D0E32" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>Roger representing
students in Britain, and Walter Rodney representing UWI students. Then they were
members of a study group in London, convened by <b>CLR James</b><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-444E71DDD08A2A234F6EA7C83CC75A9C" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-51A57518C3EA1F1EBCB9B8B2ED94FCA9" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-697AC7BEC8175DFE041EEE8E2CA95DE8" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-966800BD60A40C4AD7CFEA3B13E63FDA" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>a
group that included Eddie, Walter’s older brother, Darcus Howe, CLR James’ nephew. Then Roger Small and Walter went to a conference in Moscow in 1966.
Later that year, Walter left for a teaching position at the University College in
Dar es Salaam. When Walter went to teach at UWI in Jamaica in early 1968, Roger Small's brother, <b>Bongo Jerry Small </b>(who is also at the Symposium), introduced
Walter to the Rastas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Roger Small also attended the 1968 conference in Montreal (from which
<pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6BEC52DD9AEA9D54529F99411930B0A4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EAA3B066E2D7454984F5DD9E81A99B57" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A1CFAB14A71D8FBE284317E655F544EA" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-53D8AE13706EE947D638FCFE40CD2330" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A48BA24AD413F86DBE42AE15A9C9FB08" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-D3FDF424E7D8A8A2B1690CB0C26568DD" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-CBBBDBA1D451E5CA65A3286D9B276E17" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9320A4FB756B9C56DFD340422467CE30" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-8B098E59FF0C92877FE6785593EC192A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-FC84EDD3C2D9065BB705AE10A47429DA" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-05B823C77513CFCDF4A7317EC385D814" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-835411EF38E8A179C50E1027E0DEEB98" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-0DC236208B44CC9E324A2259A9721AF4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-CA57EF0586D3BA90496AA7F6296EB7F2" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9B5DBAA358B1F4BBAF18891D722087B4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1F4BFD1899CDA9C3F3C1FBF78E957682" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter">Walter</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6BEC52DD9AEA9D54529F99411930B0A4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EAA3B066E2D7454984F5DD9E81A99B57" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A1CFAB14A71D8FBE284317E655F544EA" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-53D8AE13706EE947D638FCFE40CD2330" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A48BA24AD413F86DBE42AE15A9C9FB08" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-D3FDF424E7D8A8A2B1690CB0C26568DD" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-CBBBDBA1D451E5CA65A3286D9B276E17" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9320A4FB756B9C56DFD340422467CE30" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-8B098E59FF0C92877FE6785593EC192A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-FC84EDD3C2D9065BB705AE10A47429DA" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-05B823C77513CFCDF4A7317EC385D814" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-835411EF38E8A179C50E1027E0DEEB98" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-0DC236208B44CC9E324A2259A9721AF4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-CA57EF0586D3BA90496AA7F6296EB7F2" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9B5DBAA358B1F4BBAF18891D722087B4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Walter was denied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1F4BFD1899CDA9C3F3C1FBF78E957682" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="they denied Walter~it denied Walter~I denied Walter~we denied Walter"> was denied</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> reentry into Jamaica). At this conference, Walter Rodney gave Roger Small copies
of the lectures and asked him to see about getting them published. Roger brought them back to London, and that is how they were available when we were
considering our response to the Jamaican ban on Walter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Then there was the impact Walter Rodney had on other students, like
myself, in outlining what he saw as the proper role of the intellect-worker in
society. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="There is no question that I" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: I" data-pwa-id="pwa-4889D35161D6785B04A35EDD457FBC38" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1605" data-pwa-suggestions="I"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="There is no question that I" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: I" data-pwa-id="pwa-4EA1AAE13B4A8CB32BDA9AE774B77CF9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1605" data-pwa-suggestions="I"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="There is no question that I" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: I" data-pwa-id="pwa-C3FBF7EC57AF035D5ED74B70E1A2A3EE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1605" data-pwa-suggestions="I"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="There is no question that I" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: I" data-pwa-id="pwa-C5864DBFA5194F42B82FB95F045C6A87" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1605" data-pwa-suggestions="I">There is no question that I</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> was motivated to help in the
production of <i><b>The Groundings With My Brothers</b></i> because of Walter’s example of participation in political
movements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">These interpersonal networks were also crucial in raising
the initial funds to publish <b><i>GWMB</i></b>, and then to sell the book. So-and-so
would take 3 or 6 copies, and try to sell them, and bring back the
<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="appropriate " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-91DF0A83FB586DF672D505C2744FEC23" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1388" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="appropriate " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-0F23C9B461A7C7135E9BB29BA32BADB0" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1388" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="appropriate " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-78C55DDCE074137AD084DFC5C31D4B9A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1388" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="appropriate " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-EBA471BE821B83B56D20C0D4125C5ACD" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1388" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">appropriate </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>multiple of 6 shillings and 6 pence! As expected, there
was some leakage at this point of exchange, but getting the message out was
more important than the profit motive!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Broader Impact of <i>Groundings</i></b>: Finally, we
might also assess the broader impact of <i><b>GWMB</b></i> - as the engine of growth for BLP,
which led to the Walter Rodney Bookstore, which<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", in turn," data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-0597D9076D51C55DEE8056CF14E9DBA3" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_210" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", in turn," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-79E71AB7B6A1788D4C75BBF2300BF7AF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_210" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", in turn," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-33AFA9DB86DAEC06C701F4C428AAAD23" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_210" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", in turn," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-CEB1CE065A8D6EE5935FFA7F87ACD8AB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_210" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">, in turn,</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> became a community hearth,
sponsoring education and cultural programs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Groundings</i> impact on College curricula, on Black Studies
programs; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Background</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1953: Politics and Walter enter my life this
year. My father ran for the Berbice River constituency, as an Independent
candidate, in the fateful elections, the first under adult suffrage. That
year, we both get Scholarships to attend Queen’s College, and are in the same
forms <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="up " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F929FE188B93E98D28537DD93821DA2F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_184" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="up " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-BE2A1C6D4C35AE405E78F8B07F2AE5CF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_184" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="up " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-ACA3ED2539F806327CA5BE89E5091B98" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_184" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="up " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-EB2162754DB71EB45EDF275C3991837E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_184" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">up </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>until “O” Levels. Politics is a major theme in the lives of
Guyanese<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-F58AD0FFB07F6465165A5F50CEB711B8" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-1EA3F7D9D82485D85E48C6F9BF3C3501" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-EB66793B4962BE4D68EC16B2B9FF350B" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-20DA1F1E2E08118325CAFF698C0BBBE1" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>suspension of the Constitution, one of the most advanced
among the colonies; occupation by British forces; split between Jagan and
Burnham and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Apaan" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Apaan" data-pwa-id="pwa-D1FD6CB959C8C222F4A66D33FC1FC26A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Apan~Aparan~Apana~Ajaan~Amaan"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Apaan" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Apaan" data-pwa-id="pwa-83856494FE3B38CF0315871AC16842B8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Apan~Aparan~Apana~Ajaan~Amaan"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Apaan" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Apaan" data-pwa-id="pwa-230C29D7453536ED1488DC9C19D5F44C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Apan~Aparan~Apana~Ajaan~Amaan"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Apaan" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Apaan" data-pwa-id="pwa-3B13A64DB7AF7C866247F37785351F6E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Apan~Aparan~Apana~Ajaan~Amaan">Apaan</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jaat" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jaat" data-pwa-id="pwa-4BCFB6A243F0BBC3B54DA74CAA877CC7" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="AJAT~Jata~KAAT~Paat~Jatt"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jaat" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jaat" data-pwa-id="pwa-859B5C0F73FD3C2DED43161EAB4B1A6E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="AJAT~Jata~KAAT~Paat~Jatt"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jaat" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jaat" data-pwa-id="pwa-EBA0155B7134B69E19E318E4E712CF05" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="AJAT~Jata~KAAT~Paat~Jatt"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jaat" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jaat" data-pwa-id="pwa-B91C6B685DB9DEC2A6AF70165895F45C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="AJAT~Jata~KAAT~Paat~Jatt">Jaat</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>; debates about Communism, Socialism,
Capitalism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">For “A” Levels, Walter stays in the Classical stream to do
History, Spanish and English Lit, while I switch to the Science stream to do
Maths, Physics and Chemistry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1955-58: Robert (Bobby) Moore comes from UCWI to teach
us W.I. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="History," data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-9F477619ABC3742E85BC0E0975D27CAD" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="History"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="History," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-0A21D4806A237C98F7194EEB0711B572" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="History"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="History," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-ECFBA8BB416682026B36E296B8ECBE8E" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="History"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="History," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-2A59EE8E99889DD45CE6BAB4FCF32344" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="History">History,</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> and Debating. He works with Walter to rid him of “<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ze" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ze" data-pwa-id="pwa-DEAF0C6F90959D2A871F6373AE3CBC1F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="we~he~me~be~re"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ze" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ze" data-pwa-id="pwa-6195EDD522E736FEAA93922DF20FD705" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="we~he~me~be~re"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ze" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ze" data-pwa-id="pwa-68CA151766FF9BBFFC2D4B3DDA7859F0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="we~he~me~be~re"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ze" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ze" data-pwa-id="pwa-E38FD415916670A5AAEFD5F3DB7751F9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="we~he~me~be~re">ze</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>”
for “<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the." data-pwa-hint="Did you forget something after 'the'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-71A827584292AAA4568A11C2BE307CA7" data-pwa-rule-id="THE_SENT_END" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the." data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Did you forget something after 'the'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-3712A2642F0B8EDDC1B7505338C0FDCC" data-pwa-rule-id="THE_SENT_END" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the." data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Did you forget something after 'the'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-4EC0339A06EEA57BAB52B117FC18A365" data-pwa-rule-id="THE_SENT_END" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the." data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Did you forget something after 'the'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-5300CE3AB4838B2160CB8376B82346BE" data-pwa-rule-id="THE_SENT_END" data-pwa-suggestions="">the.</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>” <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="UCWI is described" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1DD0A3474C58A06809E8E58AB025DB61" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I describe UCWI~It describes UCWI~We describe UCWI~They describe UCWI"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="UCWI is described" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-C243FFC09328A131B66E71C591A737C4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I describe UCWI~It describes UCWI~We describe UCWI~They describe UCWI"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="UCWI is described" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EE6A239DDBC15D24527F25D4EE81F496" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I describe UCWI~It describes UCWI~We describe UCWI~They describe UCWI"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="UCWI is described" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-527565C6E093CE69C09464BF8753BF62" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I describe UCWI~It describes UCWI~We describe UCWI~They describe UCWI">UCWI is described</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> as an Elysian plain, with beautiful women, and we
all intend to go there after QC! We were both in “K” (Cunningham) House,
which dominated the Academic Points competition among the 10 Houses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">1958-60: Brazil beats Sweden 5-2 in the World Cup final, and
we see a grainy film of it at school. We hear about Fidel and Ché, the
Sierra Maestra. We went to a lot of the same parties. We take the UWI Open Scholarships exam in early 1960, and
the rumor was that 5 of the 7 scholarships available to the entire Caribbean
went to Guyanese, including Walter. The university then had to expand the
number to 10, so that the <i>proportion</i> of Guyanese winners could drop to a
more respectable 50%!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">1960-63. UWI, W’s trip to Cuba in the summer of 1962
(he met Richard Small there for the 1<sup>st</sup> time). Lots of
debating. 1<sup>st</sup> class honors in History, scholarship to SOAS to
do his PhD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">1963-66. WR at SOAS. Soap box lectures at Hyde
Park Corner. Archival research on Guyana, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as well as" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: and" data-pwa-id="pwa-73954BD921E4F2A1CC1D1D3B1EBB28C4" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_117" data-pwa-suggestions="and"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as well as" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: and" data-pwa-id="pwa-21BFEBCFAF91BA7A3C1DB9053CDAC972" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_117" data-pwa-suggestions="and"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as well as" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: and" data-pwa-id="pwa-6C3165B96ADBC4F8D1670DF4EA3F7ABA" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_117" data-pwa-suggestions="and"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as well as" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: and" data-pwa-id="pwa-265F8362AAE61C60EB64C6130AE5D7B5" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_117" data-pwa-suggestions="and">as well as</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> Africa.
Groundings at CLR’s home in London with Darcus Howe, Richard Small, Eddie
Rodney.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">During the past few months, I’ve been cleaning out my
office, having retired from Stanford on Aug 31, 2017. I found some
documents about Walter from around the years 1979-81, and I am sending them to
his widow, Pat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Four pages of these documents contain my notes for
introducing Walter when he spoke at Stanford in 1980, and notes for other
occasions that I don’t recall. These four pages are <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="quite " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-612C79E36877856E4DF617BABFE13C5D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_464" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="quite " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-EBFC4B6ED2BA7ABF09E4503CAF79FF18" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_464" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="quite " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-624935DC2CCE65C52BCF5BDDC45711B7" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_464" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="quite " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-7C4BFE8E9AC0807568B2AFF8FA9D0401" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_464" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">quite </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>special to
<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="me," data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-08942E1FBE09CE85D0A28891FF5E716F" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="me"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="me," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-DFF030DCBD27D6F176B4BCD2ED799C11" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="me"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="me," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-A5C536F0CCF88D2C383813116CAE74DD" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="me"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="me," data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-3A919E4D150CEB540B1B3ED8466B9AA7" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="me">me,</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> and reading them brings back powerful memories. I got a chuckle out of the
reference to “the Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica, and Walter whispered ‘page 85’.”
It referred to an occasion when Walter readily gave me ‘illegal’
help<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-CE8042068CEA23ABE1A1B333C6986942" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-793C12383B815E29FBD067F6860DE7CA" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-5232335121AEBD70298540C3280C096A" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-A68E2387D4A1895E331E66FE0F78B553" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>such was the friendship between us. For most of the Lower 4<sup>th</sup>,
Upper 4<sup>th</sup> and 5th Classical forms, Walter’s and my desks were next
to each other, near the middle of the classroom, one row from the back. He
was to my right; Keith Isaacs and Colin Moore had desks nearby. We got into a
lot of mischief from that perch!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">I’ve found about 3 inches of documents and a dozen
audiotapes <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="from 1980-82" data-pwa-hint="Nonstandard phrase. Did you mean: 'from 1980 to 82'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-F6C60396DA764D6F0BC25AA1AF9FF9C6" data-pwa-rule-id="FROM_X_Y" data-pwa-suggestions="from 1980 to 82"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="from 1980-82" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Nonstandard phrase. Did you mean: 'from 1980 to 82'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-1AABD8B8BECF16549ABEFC82EA5667C3" data-pwa-rule-id="FROM_X_Y" data-pwa-suggestions="from 1980 to 82"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="from 1980-82" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Nonstandard phrase. Did you mean: 'from 1980 to 82'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-A9807D29044CF21FC9DECFF2111F2480" data-pwa-rule-id="FROM_X_Y" data-pwa-suggestions="from 1980 to 82"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="from 1980-82" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Nonstandard phrase. Did you mean: 'from 1980 to 82'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-12E268A7C70B97F1C09AA98D7FFBA9F6" data-pwa-rule-id="FROM_X_Y" data-pwa-suggestions="from 1980 to 82">from 1980-82</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> relating to Walter’s life and the reactions to his
murder - letters about fundraising, establishing his legacy, etc., from Richard
Small, Pat, Ned Alpers, etc. The tapes are of a seminar that a group of
us ran on African history, Walter’s historiography, and Walter’s political
work. This group included Kennell Jackson, Prof of History at Stanford,
Noel Samaroo, a Guyanese graduate student in Education, Percy <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Hintzen" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Hintzen" data-pwa-id="pwa-AFAF2B14E2CB31D7BDFB839083A994D0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Hintze~Hinten~Hentzen~Heintzen~Henderson"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Hintzen" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Hintzen" data-pwa-id="pwa-2ED7B2AA7B5B4154312C5979AAA8CC1E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Hintze~Hinten~Hentzen~Heintzen~Henderson"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Hintzen" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Hintzen" data-pwa-id="pwa-4A5B182CE3003F2E7E3AE46BD48042BA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Hintze~Hinten~Hentzen~Heintzen~Henderson"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Hintzen" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Hintzen" data-pwa-id="pwa-3D3ED77E7F7D576211C4AC40946744B4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Hintze~Hinten~Hentzen~Heintzen~Henderson">Hintzen</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, a professor at UC Berkeley who used to come down each week for the seminar, and many
others. One theme from that seminar was that Walter’s seminal
contributions to the historiography of Africa <pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9388EA36DD7F1DFA8192455DA9A8A168" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5C3F6D988FF99F975E9202CCF86C3592" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E84E1910E1106AD47B7D16F5DE2FE67B" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6EAA00D53271411CB8368849A584C3D9" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-683963F0603966EACD17715C36B7E923" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5CAB94D9A67F31FD4065F1228D33BE2A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-0DDB7CE1AD0B336849F515E784F105C1" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-51516A9EBDA65A9045206AD325B0B5C5" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-2984FE0D540D1121F415262E9EC20B8D" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-2F441969D7A2B0B30B754020BA342383" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-61764E2D2C827E70A643C8BD8F97BFD6" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-425477311CF871E09211993927B17E41" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A072BDDD381714F7E63751A824FBD834" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">were seriously </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9388EA36DD7F1DFA8192455DA9A8A168" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5C3F6D988FF99F975E9202CCF86C3592" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E84E1910E1106AD47B7D16F5DE2FE67B" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6EAA00D53271411CB8368849A584C3D9" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-683963F0603966EACD17715C36B7E923" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5CAB94D9A67F31FD4065F1228D33BE2A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-0DDB7CE1AD0B336849F515E784F105C1" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-51516A9EBDA65A9045206AD325B0B5C5" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-2984FE0D540D1121F415262E9EC20B8D" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-2F441969D7A2B0B30B754020BA342383" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-61764E2D2C827E70A643C8BD8F97BFD6" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-425477311CF871E09211993927B17E41" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were seriously underappreciated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A072BDDD381714F7E63751A824FBD834" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">underappreciated</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> within African Studies. I recall Kennell
Jackson telling us that Walter was the first historian to treat the <i>region</i>,
Upper Guinea Coast, as an integrated system within the Atlantic slave
trade. Before then, historians treated the different countries (Nigeria,
Gold Coast, etc.) as separate entities<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-7BE1C41E6CEFC288B5437306362D2D9D" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-653D2FFD29136AE20CE9C0E354565803" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-FD7E97CFCA9386DD211743957FA2141A" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" – " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="En-dashes should never have a space on either side." data-pwa-id="pwa-F539B1C49800987AEAE82EF639D3C6CA" data-pwa-rule-id="EN_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions="–~—"> – </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>as dictated <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="by the way " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-9579A3D122A24FE9389EB110A28E55D2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_249" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="by the way " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-602B69AC336BE88EF62A3A15F2EBFB85" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_249" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="by the way " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-296F6A16598B8B4446585F82813A043A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_249" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="by the way " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-409FDF3A3E002CD1936938C150A70912" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_249" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">by the
way </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>European powers divided up the continent. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Much is lost" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A3D1C26C86775172EC74A69E46850DF7" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I lose much~We lose much~They lose much"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Much is lost" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-45CED7328B3CB9CC25F6733773255DCD" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I lose much~We lose much~They lose much"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Much is lost" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-09FDF68725D6FB3909501BE615C6359B" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I lose much~We lose much~They lose much"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Much is lost" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-4501A1A7ECECBEC68BA0675119E977DC" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I lose much~We lose much~They lose much">Much is lost</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> when
Africa <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is studied" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F09660E5070F4A827379B93F3F3F5EED" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is studied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-300CC41149DB9A6C1858A16F08CC866C" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is studied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6DD22B8B704A146ACA069E06DF463717" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is studied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-3B18B8C749177AD574B2A77D5C31BA52" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">is studied</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> in this piecemeal manner. I don’t know what has happened in
the discipline since 1980.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From my Introduction of Walter at Stanford U in 1979:
“… And a few of you might remember the shortest of his books called <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“" data-pwa-hint="The document has two opening quotation marks in a row before a closing one. If this is because you’re using nested quotation marks, the inner pair should be singles." data-pwa-id="pwa-3C1C5F91F3A4BD766AFCEC9E9EAF7C3A" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The document has two opening quotation marks in a row before a closing one. If this is because you’re using nested quotation marks, the inner pair should be singles." data-pwa-id="pwa-0F11C14CB5E76007E55C1ED889B606F6" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The document has two opening quotation marks in a row before a closing one. If this is because you’re using nested quotation marks, the inner pair should be singles." data-pwa-id="pwa-74B659469A5C8529BF0905693A82C36C" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The document has two opening quotation marks in a row before a closing one. If this is because you’re using nested quotation marks, the inner pair should be singles." data-pwa-id="pwa-878DD131684EE8C2132BE01C5E9E8A9B" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">“</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><b><i>The
Groundings with my Brothers</i></b>,” which <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="happens to be" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: is" data-pwa-id="pwa-B90FCD8A86A8B6927211AACA8810AD13" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2888" data-pwa-suggestions="is"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="happens to be" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: is" data-pwa-id="pwa-C332ED75F78A4DB952FF09FFFAD65B38" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2888" data-pwa-suggestions="is"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="happens to be" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: is" data-pwa-id="pwa-3E8BF7CA583AAA4108F3F830F0E00448" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2888" data-pwa-suggestions="is"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="happens to be" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: is" data-pwa-id="pwa-F75E03A432F935B52A51D422281EBB6F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2888" data-pwa-suggestions="is">happens to be</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> my favorite book for <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a number of" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: several" data-pwa-id="pwa-B618CE453C4107B86F38ECC922DE43EF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1365" data-pwa-suggestions="several"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a number of" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: several" data-pwa-id="pwa-04D6B70ED540EA6BCE1C45018660D1D0" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1365" data-pwa-suggestions="several"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a number of" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: several" data-pwa-id="pwa-FFC9D546190462AF5BD9F2C54BC2AC51" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1365" data-pwa-suggestions="several"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a number of" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: several" data-pwa-id="pwa-CEFC76F45B96B740E20EC5A5DD0AD01A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1365" data-pwa-suggestions="several">a number
of</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> reasons. It is a living testimony of how the black intellectual can move
beyond his or her own discipline and challenge the social niche that <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is invariably structured" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7AFD81698DA60C8784BCC16F4C456377" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is invariably structured" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EA404E33E32F7880F43E0C2F633D4FA4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is invariably structured" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A65E258BD09636FF4CEF050910ADC7B1" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is invariably structured" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-22E1806C37C0304E00C321468175D44A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">is
invariably structured</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a Eurocentric way" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a Eurocentric way" with adverb for "Eurocentric"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-01CAF73D305CD29CFA15023128ED5DB1" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a Eurocentric way" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a Eurocentric way" with adverb for "Eurocentric"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-08A373A78B2D630BC4A47A1F90E89C18" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a Eurocentric way" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a Eurocentric way" with adverb for "Eurocentric"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-F21594041DA75CCBFFC916F07C3803CC" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a Eurocentric way" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a Eurocentric way" with adverb for "Eurocentric"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-A84C6AA8C85E58A9C7C7D3011F1E2353" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions="">in a Eurocentric way</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>. This brief book also shows how the
black academic can develop his or her ideas <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a positive way" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a positive way" with adverb for "positive"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-CFF2FAFF70A6E17BA362AEEC08C78453" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a positive way" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a positive way" with adverb for "positive"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-5350AEE143055D9BDF2770ECE8C1A991" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a positive way" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a positive way" with adverb for "positive"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-A7001B357A9716159E7FE19EA706C806" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in a positive way" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Consider replacing "in a positive way" with adverb for "positive"; e.g., "in a hasty manner" with "hastily"." data-pwa-id="pwa-041B2DC79DD20851D1C8A52C0E3D6DE9" data-pwa-rule-id="IN_A_X_MANNER" data-pwa-suggestions="">in a positive way</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> by attaching himself
or herself to the activities of the black masses…”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-73793133161137751512019-08-02T23:28:00.000-04:002019-09-12T21:57:09.419-04:00Celebrating Basotho New Year (Selemo sa Basotho) by Katleho Mpopo<h2 style="text-align: center;">
The Annual Celebration of Basotho New year (<pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-B2639F315772B2F8FAAF68ADBCF89C8A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-D6968A373BF5A59D0661707AB3895B72" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-BABE8B8CC4621174565BF48273BDBEFF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-CCF13ACA08BB27284B7F76188C5E4977" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-816CABDF58F62EA61F452FCB481DCCB4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-1580171289A28363D86A4F4F0B18F9EF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-E2BB0559D61EE0E213DDF2E90759DEFF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-2F9D38179115391289A6C291D1D7994B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-1FBF43944A2455063B6DAFE213453AEF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-6E2ED80C3B995234125080BFCD1DD1C7" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Selemo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Selemo" data-pwa-id="pwa-160900B3D8E6D9D1409FBAD97A3AF35A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Sèleco~Selero~Selem~Elemo~Selmo">Selemo</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-ACF5394BF298E7C8BC19CDD0389773D3" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-7202C60BBC89F5EAF2C6A29314421F73" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-7893AB9DCA947F5AE2E58562536406B0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-6BFA6D3C9FA0C9C9E1DEA3C1FA855C15" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-D511EC7434CDDF17A472D6B78B9D6AA9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-098FA04F49827C11F7A0A3325CDFB185" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-EC6731B7589417145B3FDA8B178C262C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-CAB9E170BCC614BF22338B698163B586" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-55AF2A49362ECDFE912E0ACFE9F734DC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sa" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sa" data-pwa-id="pwa-D2AEB26AD2802F94ADEA3367CDD77C86" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="a~as~la~s~Sá">sa</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>
Basotho and The <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-D2D9F37E26869AB8C3AED1AD945B59B6" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-1576548198838400FE6470FA67D27EDF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-A8A8D90074A0DFA0C7D304A8C80ABB53" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-203E3C633ECE989F503D7D5E4AABAC48" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-7224E855361FEDD125CA249527F51B49" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-F29D292A0CF1DF996A55A66D9F335CDA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-B4AC7AC424FBBBCBEC4D0E54F85A9A2A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-6D0B3C25CF2D30D02122289CA33D0A53" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-9312BF8C0A02184ACEE23E960E1A6B76" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-D64F0208069EE17EF4AF5DA9B1F21F8A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Maltese~molten~Malaysian~emulsion~Malthusian">Molutsoana</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> Celebration)<br /> <a href="http://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2019/03/perspectives-from-african-diaspora-know.html#.XXmrWS5KiM8" target="_blank">by Katleho <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-6E300D157C7041268B76FE0F4F33F3A4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-B5964C0A2CF957DF04AB49A7E5E9F0AC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-C3DF77A23146BD70181CF69EC7C19964" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-C2BBA718E64648057F60DBC2D3D16CAE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-1143B33BF0BAD7CC909BD8F1F3BD33F8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-642AF9C8ED15EC985682F43D47489C21" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-AE1E999F516ECD9817541C83EF412BFC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-C69B7CF018392DEDB5AF7403178669F5" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-FD35ECBF1FA977A4009E374360DB01B9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-24C5C38DE8C912E7ACE6787E590A5C06" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo">Mpopo</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></a></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The</span> <a href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15005" style="font-size: x-large;" target="_blank">Basotho</a><span style="font-size: large;"> people hold the </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-C1F0143D6707252DFDCBFFBCA572CB96" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-321660B764B398605840EEB68A70C2FD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-E9013D81A7244251674993150E3C8267" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-E3306FC898AA57F672572F94360DD8D2" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-63FB80526F86BB6C2EA7D5D31AF1A75E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-F9AE3C0A716CA049AD8CCD5F03ABE511" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-C1E0E3F71578E170E54CFA7AFFDC05AD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-6CF5E9DE606E93453C3AB58EF2418058" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-BE5B8E0ED0A0B8805B03571871372EA9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-81D0282EA91EA73ADD316FBD8731F9FD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian">M</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-C1F0143D6707252DFDCBFFBCA572CB96" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-321660B764B398605840EEB68A70C2FD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-E9013D81A7244251674993150E3C8267" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-E3306FC898AA57F672572F94360DD8D2" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-63FB80526F86BB6C2EA7D5D31AF1A75E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-F9AE3C0A716CA049AD8CCD5F03ABE511" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-C1E0E3F71578E170E54CFA7AFFDC05AD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-6CF5E9DE606E93453C3AB58EF2418058" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-BE5B8E0ED0A0B8805B03571871372EA9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Molutsoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Molutsoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-81D0282EA91EA73ADD316FBD8731F9FD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="molten~emulsion~Malaysian~Maltese~Malthusian">olutsoana</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> <b>Celebration</b> (prayer for rain and peace) t</span><span style="font-size: large;">o mark the commencement of the ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotho_calendar" target="_blank">Basotho calendar</a>
which begins in August (Phato), immediately after the last days of winter. The
month of Phato <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-65C1BF3CD5987F1BABE748D94FA5F434" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-C21DB0FE5E8E06E170625CF022312191" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-796D156F83B10B046E19F035BEC83284" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-ABE94CC288B685453C39A5C10AE7CDD4" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1CD4B1628D60E5FAC3E318CFE7E6B885" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7B5DE7B90216C9EC110EB77BF94CA8DF" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-418F304A5B9D9211EEADE60DF55E87DD" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-AE3F3F5DAFC27701F647289B379487BD" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-BA96641BB95C766F3699D9BC85DB822D" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is characterised" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-888F64FA115FEB7AA68D7E3B40E574B7" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">is characterised</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> by blowing winds; clearing of the land,
cultivation of the fields and preparation of the new crops; spring birds
like <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-B294049AA68F0E51CD1ACE940AD1E5CC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-72C31D955054F541E9890CF98D406F4C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-7E7BCFDC26EE915B8BB3F548CE684BC3" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-09800FEA81F3358BB9E263FBB934C79D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-0484AEC01ED289A744C419E66BCBEBB5" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-A68535E7E840AB7056C73C8A74D0AB0B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-DACEEE474D4127F580E2126333F16D67" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-327AC64C3BDCFD23052A39666946E041" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-7A993F813D9905D17B89946BA5193398" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Tsoere" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Tsoere" data-pwa-id="pwa-513E0D70FED9F8A81220CBBDECB3AA53" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="trees~tears~there~desire~taste">Tsoere</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-7F5460AA946FB3E2D797F80BC4C17243" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-BE6C869EA80E2E2D76084580836D5F9C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-1DC29C1C8C7581E5D3793A30215BB4C0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-EA48B58D8732F7FA0717D0B4FBA1863D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-9FE869D72C8106BA84A984059C989E44" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-8AA1A49FA386568D6F1AFA31646643AA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-5E28F4BCD640B278CA72AE5E01D213A1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-808BDDA03FC8A83EB981873135B03B89" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-E4B15837DBC54645D87A03942F9E8090" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mamotintinyane" data-pwa-id="pwa-AFAA6835ACE764B9F35D67797C3CF463" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="">Mamotintinyane</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-1E30B3D42C4B4D6C0AA63F919047ADD2" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-1B4538E15011A6915F382A3937F3EB99" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-D46FD7C651A87964D34215EADB7C249A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-DF18C77E9CC69905F877BDA093F1C411" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-61DA78FD4ED757966216620E363C8155" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-03054878AB9B40376C5939B1BAC6D9B0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-AAB44009D6683C57A32FBD42D13C1309" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-3F20C93D2B0A86A198285170F5717860" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-2509AEF858D388FA0FCCB1A807BE8454" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ts’emeli" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ts’emeli" data-pwa-id="pwa-E3F9061913520CA667D0498A9F442843" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dismal~dissimilar~decimal~autosomal~Decimal">Ts’emeli</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> arrive, and so we say, “Let there be
Life!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Basotho New Year Celebration is one of prayer </span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Two
villages across the <a href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rsa/sotho-kingdom.htm" target="_blank">Basotho Kingdom</a> host this spring-time celebration in which
a group of girls and newlywed women from one village come together and
visit second village. Upon their arrival, one girl from the visiting group
approaches a house nearby and asks for water. Instead of drinking the water,
she mischievously snatches the <a href="http://bethspencer.blogspot.com/2014/11/papa.html" target="_blank">Lesokoana (a stick used in cooking papa- a mixture of water and maize meal) </a><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1568258206215_9135777876924029" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1568258207119_42893956495430596" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span>and scrambles full speed to her fellow village
sisters waiting on the outskirts. The family from which she took
Lesokoana now calls upon all their village girls to give chase to the
“thieving” girl. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The visiting team runs with the Lesokoana to their village while
the home team chases after them hoping to retrieve the stick. If they
catch the person holding the Lesokoana, they take it from her before she
can throw it to her own village members. When they retrieve it, they return to their
village and <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: large;">present the stick to their chief (to show that they brought back <pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-8D23FCD28B1B756271550A65F17FF02F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A661B28838393EDF91332031342CA048" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DEE5E55EC901F6420940D92BCF30587B" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5BCD2C12E709C8C96BE23C7C91D2F237" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EBD39CBA5FD49E265AB7A47278475892" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken">what had </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></span><pwa class="pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-3410287BFC09010DBE046A3964E4F495" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="" style="font-size: x-large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-C65BED7A32AEA7381C132DC4D3B4D38E" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-D75BA94B27B0C2110AB5AD231321CF38" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-4EC5F26CFB03AA61AC1E52E53FA6F11F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done pwa-span-hovered" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-2B94659992CFA1993137459050DA891A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E11B312F87FE6E9BEDEC33DF3EE49024" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-8D23FCD28B1B756271550A65F17FF02F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A661B28838393EDF91332031342CA048" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DEE5E55EC901F6420940D92BCF30587B" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5BCD2C12E709C8C96BE23C7C91D2F237" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="what had been taken" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EBD39CBA5FD49E265AB7A47278475892" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="what they had taken~what I had taken~what it had taken~what we had taken">been taken</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><span style="font-size: large;"> from them), then the home village chief announces “Khotso Pula Nalla!” </span><span style="font-size: large;">This rings in the beginning of a celebration, with traditional food like </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-36AAD10927E590302D4B3A5F7FC6691A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs" style="font-size: x-large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-F0C6419B2B7097A22602D3F58F84783B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-EDDA8F9786E421376D84150C2E85B5C4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-269EF414445279D422C99B6FD62972A7" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-FBCECD7261687D5C5153709CD62B9107" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-D793ED4EF5BDF51BBC259C5A1D050B5F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-06F74B6E4CF3F66E3B066C4738F2BEFD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-7D9C2CDC907C3B50CA1D3CAE58843E52" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-7CC193A9527EE0A5A111AFFAE007A497" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Likhobe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Likhobe" data-pwa-id="pwa-244F10278C78C2650D0C77CD0A6C588F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lakhs~lakh~Alekhine~Lakh~Lakhs">Likhobe</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><span style="font-size: large;">, </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-678EF30800BDD2F4E31D58ABEFEBC6CF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in" style="font-size: x-large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-7873D68A603C112BFE1001CD37F5C045" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-F10F10982EB7664171B8D3C1DAA52549" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-284F691B1D882B5C4594770B732F07DB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-4716B936C35C2A1212A29E76917FF741" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-01CD726C83A6D0D04F272E935AFFDE68" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-45613E1BCE1B971196F410E3D038B492" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-7797DADA1A0BBA5615FDEA42D511D330" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-F2D20EB605C0F5E0579881F31DD71AD1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyekoe" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyekoe" data-pwa-id="pwa-0E7DBCC05E717050FC186C0341216F68" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Nyeko~and~no~now~in">Nyekoe</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><span style="font-size: large;">, and </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-18F2979DC248E73492AACA2B19678236" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele" style="font-size: x-large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-3ACE463863AB12DC14146D1E78591A5A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-E90AC7F73D1E6B4C0C896A43B9F2E3BB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-2E4BA2DE184BA5198E2F9BB1EAD114CA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-F7B845A415FE1F7E266D624C1B6EFF60" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-519ACECA38D9CB7FC113D6D55D22AA3A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-15988A7C77C253FCDE53E7B9FCC276C4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-2AE0C1F9B35FC5BD17C15E01D87CE376" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-D689E6395DA3BAD05C0B0DF51CD45D4D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sekele" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Sekele" data-pwa-id="pwa-80B34C6B12B90DCC0EA97295500333D8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Semele~Sekule~Sèkèrè~Sekelek~Ekele">Sekele</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><span style="font-size: large;">. There is dancing: </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-5D0867559D1A8A617898E9B1C403EE97" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia" style="font-size: x-large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-4C273BDEAF2AB920E357DE6092723D7F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-4C2B33E3833B39E31825467EB3BD8BDB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-E09BFC2856351E4209871A637CF698F4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-2A3B25E11B67B49A2ECE8BA91667174C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-09A0EB77B0698081D39CE6862D3AEC54" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-81A5EB09659727550D5984EE6098F6DB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-58DA2CD4D6F942D7953F65D8A7818761" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-2890C060D49EC5964767182D151145F0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mokhibo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mokhibo" data-pwa-id="pwa-D82C2F4F574670F163E0729D9D5AC483" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Amphibia">Mokhibo</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><span style="font-size: large;"> (done by older women) and </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-F1D4E8B35183EAEC904CFEEB16480BC6" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm" style="font-size: x-large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-C0E2DF50D8C118C5D69572C261687CF0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-6E00EBD4744180D562F7937A7F6C44C3" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-904979BD34BD73D0ADC34AA2C1B534AD" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-FE7A015F01B149B088FB2E66C9760EA7" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-C8BF057C92EC1DF66BD795CB8F898F22" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-249B0CECAAD52881F8007C0E7DF238C8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-029DCF585C6432A09844FAB851602794" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-C97F60C8479500605D5A6867CB403B61" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ndhlamo" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ndhlamo" data-pwa-id="pwa-791C6649598A5F73D340BB3FC6ECB854" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="endothelium~Lindholm~Edholm">Ndhlamo</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><span style="font-size: large;"> (young men of the village).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">However, if the visiting team gets to their village and
presents the “stolen” <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-F85DA0E2E334F0DBB0F64316FDA1E4DC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-B1D9E2B640434536072F4FEC56E36B7B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-258130166B1BE7685D1AA804999CCFAE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-86CA1843C65E083E72676F53CEC1C804" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-E5FFE90786DAFB3FE222610353F38366" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-82055061B3D870E8F44330C3FF10764E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-8AEE5ACE35D937DB0DBF348AFEA77BEB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-2ED75339DC990A36953EC9FFDF25E2B3" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-3E57FE82837E51A8387CB592E83F88AB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lesokoana" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lesokoana" data-pwa-id="pwa-413E8FA6CC8D5395D60D8B45E01684F9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Listen~listen~skin~Alison~Louisiana">Lesokoana</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa>, then their chief hoists the stick high above his head
for all to see and declares “Khotso Pula Nala!!” (Let there be Peace, Rain and
Abundance!). </span><span style="font-size: large;">Either way, the Basotho New Year
Celebration will begin and eventually all the ladies from both villages gather
at the outskirts where the prayer games begin.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkSw0dLNBrOLKVFhUFPlIR5BuVpgSwxG8yC9USvm2uh0FqcFtjMcKMYRq_lP0_fE0VQ_l11Lizx5o1E_xZJbbL26UgZgVCuIbPZWIkSLKUDGK-_Sz31xCVpqRFb6nd3m9cWtlBSyexj4/s1600/losotho.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkSw0dLNBrOLKVFhUFPlIR5BuVpgSwxG8yC9USvm2uh0FqcFtjMcKMYRq_lP0_fE0VQ_l11Lizx5o1E_xZJbbL26UgZgVCuIbPZWIkSLKUDGK-_Sz31xCVpqRFb6nd3m9cWtlBSyexj4/s320/losotho.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;">This is a prayer to keep peace between village and
asking the creator to provide rain that will nourish the plants and the soil,
fill the streams with fresh waters for drinking. We pray for peace between
villages, pray for lavishing green to cover the land throughout the kingdom
hence enough food for Basotho’s livestock.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQjXJ5kIWfZLKm6Ztu6avGDSUHj4ONuDBr29079rv9EI93u8_1NmsG7Jq7Ekp97OGWvp-wpE-AB7URH8eo3yoHOae5n7i3cvM55lRVtHJNP3WdLY8-flOrvVehQ_CosXtd0g9yXljDh0/s1600/1024px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQjXJ5kIWfZLKm6Ztu6avGDSUHj4ONuDBr29079rv9EI93u8_1NmsG7Jq7Ekp97OGWvp-wpE-AB7URH8eo3yoHOae5n7i3cvM55lRVtHJNP3WdLY8-flOrvVehQ_CosXtd0g9yXljDh0/s200/1024px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: large;">Khotso Pula Nala (Peace, Rain, Abundance) hence the colours </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">on our fag </span><span style="font-size: large;"> (blue= Water,
</span><span style="font-size: large;">White=</span> <span style="font-size: large;">Peace</span><span style="font-size: large;">, Green= Abundance)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipZmaT2RN7s4PQhmEBNknCQccR402F-G7CY2L7Wxaq7mKFf_OHuqy-zx4_nS3fAppJBlNdIr_MKOIHmoktszjFYBKsE-vD0F6bbWfPKg-Dosrz_yrEc9lFCCQQ_VB4Q8tVBrpoIc0WLCQ/s1600/losotho2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipZmaT2RN7s4PQhmEBNknCQccR402F-G7CY2L7Wxaq7mKFf_OHuqy-zx4_nS3fAppJBlNdIr_MKOIHmoktszjFYBKsE-vD0F6bbWfPKg-Dosrz_yrEc9lFCCQQ_VB4Q8tVBrpoIc0WLCQ/s320/losotho2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Khotso Pula Nala in your lives!<br />
Happy New Year.</span><o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<br />Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0Lesotho-29.609988 28.233608000000004-33.142105 23.070034000000003 -26.077871000000002 33.397182tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-13854007292449984332019-06-02T15:12:00.003-04:002019-06-02T15:12:57.434-04:00Sound Di Abeng in June, 2019 Sign Up<span style="font-size: large;">This month, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="June, 2019" data-pwa-hint="When specifying a month and year, the comma is unnecessary: 'June 2019'." data-pwa-id="pwa-03D6F32EB83BDA35D0BCB066FFEC25A1" data-pwa-rule-id="COMMA_AFTER_A_MONTH" data-pwa-suggestions="June 2019">June, 2019</pwa>, we are giving away <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="free gifts" data-pwa-hint="This phrase is redundant. Consider using 'gifts'." data-pwa-id="pwa-442DF8840CE7D58AC88228E89CF94671" data-pwa-rule-id="FREE_GIFT" data-pwa-suggestions="gifts">free gifts</pwa> for signing up to our Free newsletter, The <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Abeng" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Abeng" data-pwa-id="pwa-62FDF285FB897B609D20441FF03016EF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Aben~Ateng~Abéné~Beng~Abing">Abeng</pwa>. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://visitor.r20.constantcontact.com/d.jsp?llr=ueivdf8ab&p=oi&m=1128674271380&sit=9tx9liylb&f=b7ff1e8e-9c2b-4956-9812-76ccd0632682" target="_blank">Sign Up Now</a>! <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="for" data-pwa-hint="Missing capitalization at the start of a sentence" data-pwa-id="pwa-99372064B6CF0E372EE4AB6C3B9010A2" data-pwa-rule-id="MISSING_CAP_START" data-pwa-suggestions="For">for</pwa> a chance to win a prize from The Abeng Collection and The Abeng and My Conscious Pen. </span><br />
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<br />Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-54561715477406760962019-05-19T14:07:00.000-04:002019-07-21T10:08:44.455-04:00Malcolm X Day 2019, West End Park, Atlanta<span style="font-size: large;">Malcolm X Day 2019 was a celebration of the great ancestor's <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="earthday" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: earthday" data-pwa-id="pwa-DCF1A13DF73F9CA1AA1107DCEE489E87" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="earthed">earthday</pwa> at <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/west+end+park/@33.7404701,-84.4534384,14z/data=!3m1!4b1" target="_blank">The West End Park</a> in Atlanta, Georgia. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz </b></span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="(" data-pwa-hint="Make sure that all of the quotations and brackets in this paragraph are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-6155FBE12D6041F9E444BF8CF3F9775A" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">(</pwa><a amzn-ps-bm-asin="4871877620" class="amzn_ps_bm_tl" data-amzn-link-id="fa5db41961b2c81e24eb3795c47bb8a6" data-amzn-ps-bm-keyword="Malcolm X" href="http://www.amazon.com/Autobiography-Malcolm-X/dp/4871877620/ref=as_li_bk_tl/?tag=abeng-20&linkId=fa5db41961b2c81e24eb3795c47bb8a6&linkCode=ktl" id="amznPsBmLink_7712591" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Malcolm X</a><img alt="" border="0" height="0" id="amznPsBmPixel_7712591" src="https://ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?source=bk&t=abeng-20&bm-id=default&l=ktl&linkId=fa5db41961b2c81e24eb3795c47bb8a6&_cb=1563718117485" style="border: none !important; height: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; width: 0px !important;" width="0" />)</span></b><br />
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-77735187551624638442019-05-16T00:16:00.000-04:002019-05-16T17:33:27.964-04:0013 Million (My Abortion Piece) by Ayiti Bluez<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Since 1973, legal abortion has killed more Afrakan Americans than AIDS, cancer, diabetes, heart disease and violent crime combined. Every week, more Blacks die in American abortion clinics than <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were killed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9CBAC8D9C6CDDB54438EBFD319EA5904" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were killed</pwa> in the entire Vietnam war. And <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the largest chain of abortion clinics in the United States is operated by Planned Parenthood" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7B9E2C2575CB960659AC0B1D46D3C759" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="Planned Parenthood operates the largest chain of abortion clinics in the United States">the largest chain of abortion clinics in the United States is operated by Planned Parenthood</pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-151DEB0A5643D4716DEB24B10DE3687E" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa> - Documentary Maafa 21<br /><br />It is time to rid ourselves of this <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="un" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: un" data-pwa-id="pwa-E73D320F753BF40AD2122D7E42314944" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="in~on~up~sun~run">un</pwa>-Afrakan mentality. We didn't have teenage pregnancies and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="all of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-C22BBAA53FCA84846DB55BA948C6D9BE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2900" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">all of </pwa>these abuses we are dealing with right now <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="are a direct result of" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: directly result from" data-pwa-id="pwa-48FF3A350EC47DD527D2E4D4546DDE1C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1585" data-pwa-suggestions="directly result from">are a direct result of</pwa> our enslavement from not just the Transatlantic Slave Trade (Maafa), however, the 1st and current slave trade as well the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Sub Saharan" data-pwa-hint="These words are usually hyphenated: Sub-Saharan" data-pwa-id="pwa-5B0191A186019690B70EEE5BA7D15E66" data-pwa-rule-id="HYPHENATED" data-pwa-suggestions="Sub-Saharan">Sub Saharan</pwa> (Arab-Islamic) Slave trade still continues. Let's get back to our Black-Afrakan center through our entire being.<br /><br /><a href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackgenocide.org%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2mUUI0AUjKhY2e640_z_OKExB-WAfMv-Mr0_iJEKHWzTx3Bm-WtCymsS0&h=AT0R3SZJIVrWcviFBRexEHNDHxiRyqcZvm3e5TmNWtJfTgm-gztSP320ti0hzBHABvjUJvW3dbmNxA7xZdzyya4Pf1sOB1sr3ghQzgZizNPnVie9884UnRUO0GUUjaBpq_JDO2CKJ150rb_B-w">www<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="." data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may require a space after it. Consider adding the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-308925D643BEE2C6505A6F9A91D116BC" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions=". ">.</pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="blackgenocide" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: blackgenocide" data-pwa-id="pwa-C67132AD322DBAB42016232D011548DC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="black genocide">blackgenocide</pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="." data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may require a space after it. Consider adding the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-36DB85FCE58C98603A64782608B31DBF" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions=". ">.</pwa>org</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Maafa21">http://www.facebook.com/Maafa21</a><br /><br />VIEW MAAFA 21 FILM BELOW!<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Racism (White Supremacy), is defined" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-370F9BDB7A86EA485CED7F98B6BBE78E" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="We define racism (White Supremacy)~I define racism (White Supremacy)~It defines racism (White Supremacy)~They define racism (White Supremacy)~I defines racism (White Supremacy)~It define racism (White Supremacy)">Racism (White Supremacy), is defined</pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" as follows" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-92B19B5179E67713BC61C78CAB62B8BC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_906" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"> as follows</pwa>:<br /><br />"Racism (White Supremacy) is the local and global power system and dynamic, structured and maintained by persons who classify themselves as white, whether consciously or subconsciously determined, which <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="consists of" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: comprises" data-pwa-id="pwa-360195E26D9C4C5056D3439452D99040" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_945" data-pwa-suggestions="comprises">consists of</pwa> patterns of perception, logic, symbol formation, thought, speech, action and emotional response, as conducted simultaneously in all areas of people activity (economics, education, entertainment, labor, law, politics, religion, sex and war), for <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the ultimate purpose of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-40B242EC1A738F0AD12FAB3A23E48F68" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1475" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">the ultimate purpose of </pwa>white genetic survival and to prevent white genetic annihilation on the planet Earth - a planet upon which the vast majority of the people <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="are classified" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-18A576DC289BA3CEDDF21371AC118BEB" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">are classified</pwa> as nonwhite (black, brown, red and yellow) by white-skinned people, and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="all of the" data-pwa-hint="Consider using 'all the'." data-pwa-id="pwa-80EAA36884B4C9257DB788C27D48E6DF" data-pwa-rule-id="ALL_OF_THE" data-pwa-suggestions="all the">all of the</pwa> nonwhite people are genetically dominant (in terms of skin coloration) compared to the genetic recessive white skin people."* ~ Dr. Frances Cress Welsing<br /><br />"If you do not understand racism white supremacy, what it is and how it works, everything else that you understand will only confuse you<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-2D2098C8678261D55CA38BEA73880EFA" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa><br />~Neely Fuller Jr.<br /><br />"The minister's work is also important and also he should <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be trained" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-59AD5DA45658D1F146841C5A816AB00A" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be trained</pwa>, perhaps by the Federation as to our ideals and the goal we hope to reach. We do not want the word to get <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="our" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-F1F260214F24461D577DA4BF75C2476F" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_OUR_7" data-pwa-suggestions="out">our</pwa> that we want to exterminate the Negro population and the minister is the man who can straighten out the idea if it ever occurs to any of the more rebellious members<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-3039036BD37D76CB426F64150833DFB6" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa><br />~ Margaret Sanger Founder of Planned Parenthood<br /><br /><br /><br />13 MILLION<br /><br />The concept of abortion<br />Is an extortion<br />Of exponential and consequential proportions<br />It <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is marketed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DFE23FD865F69C48F659875E71398366" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">is marketed</pwa> heavily and deceptively<br />As a quick fix<br />“Problem solving remedy<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="”" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-C24ADA03FFB3A0CA450876F7FA1E05AC" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">”</pwa><br />Stressed indirectly<br />And created by white supremacy<br />For our <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="hue" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-2DB1A9338B98FB0583231E0B9578EED8" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_HUE_28" data-pwa-suggestions="huge">hue</pwa> man depopulation losses<br />Just like with Harriet Washington’s book “Medical Apartheid”<br />As she describes<br />How Black-Afrakan people worldwide<br />Especially our women and children<br />Have <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been tested" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-0872F9BBE35582EDC3276AF926D6E7D4" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">been tested</pwa> on like lab rats<br />Dead or alive<br />Without their knowing or permission<br />These actions have <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been ritualistically purported" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-21B7781CAAE26577A6C7E8FCD1789279" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">been ritualistically purported</pwa><br />Researching and testing on Black-<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Afrakans" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Afrakans" data-pwa-id="pwa-B3AB984E04C47129E7049A8961DCA8B8" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Africans~Freudians~Afrikaner~Franks~Afrikaans">Afrakans</pwa><br />Has been despicably<br />A common and inhumane practice<br />But <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is not typically made" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-0DB2B4BD92607579252D8D1EB708B337" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">is not typically made</pwa> public or recorded<br />Just like with the late revelations<br />And public confirmations<br />Of how counter-intelligence (<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Cointel" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Cointel" data-pwa-id="pwa-FBF88FED876D252BE0D4CB9E4BDF96BC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Cintel~Contel~Nointel~Pointel~Cointe">Cointel</pwa>) programs<br />And the Tuskegee experimentation</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;">Against Blacks <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was ordered" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-C9C27FADD1AFF4F7DE87AA5FA3AB8216" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was ordered</pwa><br />Check out the once banned slavery movie “Goodbye Uncle Tom”<br />And see how we <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were bred" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-AF08D07A39322FEBA268F5DC31A7C052" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were bred</pwa> to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be sold" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-666020C17E6BE6CBBC371F61951FE52E" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be sold</pwa> and orphaned<br />Also see the abortion documentary Maafa 21<br />And see how the Black womb-an’s womb <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is deemed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DF98D47E3DD50A96E74D9B1F8751D175" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">is deemed</pwa> as a coffin<br />It is not an accident<br />This track record has been clear<br />And historically <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="evident" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: clear" data-pwa-id="pwa-F19F0EA48951C8FBEE11259C7FD2F0AF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2963" data-pwa-suggestions="clear">evident</pwa><br />That the Black-Afrakan population<br />Has been under attack<br />To <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be victimized" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-A2D9AB6758EB94794FA0CB3A7B659340" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be victimized</pwa> and slaughtered<br />Through Planned Parenthood and Eugenics like programs and endorsements<br />So through subliminally saturated media and sources<br />The people <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="are purposely bombarded" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F682B055FB6F68FD601C585056503990" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">are purposely bombarded</pwa><br />With distractions and propaganda<br />To propel this perverted ideology forward<br />To shift a paradigm and shape peoples frames of minds<br />Disguised as legislation<br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="While House" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: While House" data-pwa-id="pwa-DD01033E604AD6831F4CDC6806EC81E2" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="White House">While House</pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nigga" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nigga" data-pwa-id="pwa-6307A8DC2E836FC34B5842F566557297" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Kigga~Ninga~Nisga~Nigg~Niaga">Nigga</pwa> complex<br />And Uncle Ruckus mentality<br />Helps propel the lies<br />Through the peoples tax dollars<br />They enforce it<br />So overtime<br />Just like with oversaturation<br />Of certain music at radio stations<br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="The people are conditioned" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EF7A69BC05F9241C025E2E53BB67E39F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I conditions the people~I condition the people~It conditions the people~They condition the people~We condition the people~It condition the people">The people are conditioned</pwa> and paralyzed<br />To take it<br />So many people become subconsciously exhausted<br />By hearing and seeing it so much<br />They become unknowingly become acculturated<br />And it’s now it’s <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="very " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-EF335E9D524278605E655FD04562F364" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_297" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">very </pwa>normal<br />And so second nature<br />Social engineering pimp game formulations<br />Are in this equation<br />And we have <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been psychologically laundered" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B2B551A60B99C9B8FEB08D3CEBA042C9" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">been psychologically laundered</pwa><br />Create and fund the oppositions<br />Cleverly refocus and reverse public opinions<br />Until we the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sheepile" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sheepile" data-pwa-id="pwa-487DFDBCD67C66E39569075A8654B958" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="sample~ship~shell~shape~simple">sheepile</pwa> (people)<br />Become dumb down, submissive and supportive<br />This was all planned by design<br />But not one that Mother Nature originally <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="co" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: co" data-pwa-id="pwa-BF401F6AF92FD1A3FCFB8D639F74F07A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="so~con">co</pwa>-signed<br />For she has advised us time after time<br />And tried <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="to repeatedly warn" data-pwa-hint="Split infinitive. Some people strongly object to this type of construction, especially in formal writing. If your reader is likely to object to the split infinitive, rewrite the sentence to avoid its use." data-pwa-id="pwa-E274D4309A0FD8336975F73017AAE88C" data-pwa-rule-id="SPLT_INFI" data-pwa-suggestions="">to repeatedly warn</pwa> us<br />Yet do we listen?<br />Our own mother <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Afraka" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Afraka" data-pwa-id="pwa-0ECEDCE069578F0E371D66818D922B93" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Abraka~Afryka~Afrika~Akraka~Afra ka">Afraka</pwa> on the daily we be <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="dissin" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: dissin" data-pwa-id="pwa-006A7EC4EE08E8B972E5882874E4B9FC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dissing~Dissin">dissin</pwa><br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="This was implemented" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-32D06E2EB0D7F8FB0D5733A38FB3BF33" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I implemented this~They implemented this~It implemented this">This was implemented</pwa> through sophisticated techniques<br />As psychological warfare covertly speaks<br />And since a majority of the people don’t study<br />Or don’t read what they need<br />They ignore their own history<br />And refused to take heed<br />They’d rather have blind faith<br />To better know<br />They <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="choose to " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-1488557C993274100B5F71A056CEE775" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_835" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">choose to </pwa>be lie <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ve" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ve" data-pwa-id="pwa-FCD18FAFF82A29DDC8BAA999DD1F147E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="me~be~he~we~v">ve</pwa><br />And <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="are crossed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F6E7164A6124E73276E7559037380DEF" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">are crossed</pwa> by their deeds<br />And their massa’s perverted reformation of the crosses<br />Even that’s another story and an implanted seed<br />Of sub ordinance<br />Since mis-education and mis-direction<br />Effectively and so blatantly<br />On the daily assaults us<br />The public mentality<br />Is out of touch with reality<br />And like cows and sheep<br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="We have been raised" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1E44F9F15B624A77EEEBE100DDA6FFE0" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I have raised us~They have raised us~It has raised us~Someone has raised us~I has raised us">We have been raised</pwa><br />To be thoughtless<br />To only develop and cultivate<br />The left part of your brain<br />Which means you <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="are programmed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DCEEF83B0A4F904839C129A3957545D4" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">are programmed</pwa> or trained<br />Not encouraged to create<br />So your true potentiality <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is never naturally gained" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E872CE78417118CD24B97942EC1E10AE" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">is never naturally gained</pwa><br />Or exalted<br />Don’t learn to think on your own<br />Follow the leader<br />Trust in a “GOD” (their concept) that’s greener<br />Fetch doggie<br />Here’s a bone<br />Through psychological <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="pimpin" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: pimpin" data-pwa-id="pwa-7355DD3E89C4949FBADEDED111A82EA1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="pippin~pimping">pimpin</pwa> of our perceptions<br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="We have been grown" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B591E8321C59B30F7A258D3D35569611" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="I have grown us~It has grown us~They have grown us~I has grown us~Something has grown us">We have been grown</pwa><br />And <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Eurocentricly" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Eurocentricly" data-pwa-id="pwa-F4D2EEE4936715052C58EDB90DE11222" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Eurocentric~Centrical~Eccentrical~Areocentric">Eurocentricly</pwa> imported<br />Yes this is important!<br />Which means anything dealing with your great ancestral roots<br />Had to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be erased" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6A64D92B9B73C00803B3B1728231F6C2" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be erased</pwa> or deemed as<br />Of less importance<br />Black-Afrakan thought <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as a whole " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F4FB8482F17C05BEC3EF62D27CD230EC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_792" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">as a whole </pwa>collective<br />Is cloudy, confused, congested, and distorted<br />We complain and yes it’s a damn shame<br />And get mad, afraid, or even run away<br />When truth stares you right in the face<br />Or hear about it often<br />So though we make the decisions<br />Our actions are merely reflections<br />Of our unhealthy and mundane exploited voices<br />In their eyes<br />We are not supposed to survive<br />But through it all we still rise<br />Through all of the abuse, murder<br />And different forms of genocides<br />Whether it be cultural, spiritual, financial, physical<br />Psychological, metaphysical<br />We cut off the etherical<br />Through our actions and choices<br />Those who really know and understand<br />Please know that Karma and the law of cause and effect<br />Is never voiceless<br />You can run<br />But you can’t hide<br />Because the ancestral whoop asses<br />Are coming in abundance<br />However we are the only ones<br />Who will resolve this<br />Educate yourself<br />And make change right now<br />So we can all heal<br />And cleanse our minds and spirits<br />Instead of ignore it<br />The concept of abortion<br />Is an extortion<br />Of exponential and consequential proportions<br />It is marketed heavily and deceptively<br />As a quick fix<br />“Problem Solving remedy”<br />And created by white supremacy<br />For human depopulation losses<br />It all adds up<br />And makes perfect sense<br />Considering historically<br />Our story<br />And the Black-Afrakan peoples of the world<br />Have been purposely rewritten and altered<br />13 million souls<br />13 million reasons<br />13 million of our children<br />13 million of our seeds<br />Are no longer<br />13 million<br /><br /><b>Haiti Bluez Copyright © 2009 </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/172317369342/"><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.facebook.com/notes/172317369342/</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-9344721714784250182019-03-30T12:33:00.001-04:002019-05-07T16:25:29.360-04:00Perspectives From The African Diaspora: Know Thyself by Katleho Mpopo<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">While standing outside my friend's home waiting for her come
out, I looked down and after a few seconds I saw a new world- a world of ants
and other small insects. If I hadn't been concentrating, I would have taken it as a non-consequential world; it required focus to see it. There, among the bustling ants was one so
small, probably a worker, dragging a sand grain twice its size. What caught my
attention was the number of grains reduced by one every time one of these tiny workers snatched one up<pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" ." data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may not require a space before it. Consider removing the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-86D632BD3467CA97D0B5027BE68814A4" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions=".">.</pwa> Someone may argue that
one less grain of sand is hardly a change, but that depends on one’s perspective.
The bottom line was there was a change, no matter how small; there still was
a change. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It came down on me; we meet people; we hear things, speak and act on things, it does not matter how small they may be; they
bring about change, we may not even realize it but the change is there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">When I walk every day, I see people and know each person is a soul
striving for fulfillment. Some of us look for it in the wrong places; we seek it in what people say about us, we search for it in what people declare as
"perfect". But this validation is really someone else's idea of perfection, and
because most of us don't even know ourselves, we rush in every direction they tell us, to satisfy our souls' ultimate need. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">I live in a society that affects our subconscience. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="We are made" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-EF6248CFF0998A3D85700B7F9EEE0E81" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="I make us~It makes us~They make us~I makes us~It make us~Something makes us~Someone makes us~They makes us~Someone make us~Something make us">We
are made</pwa> to believe we aren't enough and that we need to talk, dress, and act,
look a certain way; and then, we will be perfect. As a result, we do not realize that we each
were born with something unique about us. But society is sabotaging us.
We look for ourselves in material things; we look for our worth in the number
of followers we have, as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="cliché" data-pwa-hint="Possible missing determiner" data-pwa-id="pwa-2E4A8F3E327BB22DECD1C93959732323" data-pwa-rule-id="DET_CG_2" data-pwa-suggestions="a cliché~the cliché">cliché</pwa> as it may be. These things that
surround us are dragging off the sand grains in our lives hence changing</span><span style="font-size: large;"> our own views and beliefs, self-love, self-respect, and self-worth. </span><span style="font-size: large;">As long as we don't know who we are, where we come from, what our purpose is and where our purpose drives us, we cannot find contentment in this world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">My grandmother raised me. That woman radiated
respect, gracefulness, and wisdom without having to raise a hand. I asked her this one time, how she could command such respect and her answer was simple. She told me she knew herself in
and out, and no one would ever intimidate her nor would she ever seek
validation from anyone. I </span><span style="font-size: large;">did not understand i</span><span style="font-size: large;">t back</span><span style="font-size: large;"> then but I do now.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Being raised by such a woman propelled me to seek solitude. yet growing up and crossing paths with so many people, I've learned that although we are all different, we seek the same thing which is
soul satisfaction. My grandmother found that in herself. We need to find ourselves and understand who we truly are. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Yes, </span><span style="font-size: large;">life is hard and things happen that force <span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1553956284538_20233709657255505" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1553956284546_6929864406297532" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1553956284556_8366557111500759" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1553956284565_8451362280998882" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1553956284573_5939291299535632" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span>us to ask ourselves questions that can shake the </span><span style="font-size: large;">foundation of who we
believe ourselves to be; </span><span style="font-size: large;">the responsibility we have is to learn and </span><span style="font-size: large;">improve,</span><span style="font-size: large;"> always. Outside forces like the media, in all its glory, tell us what we
should be; but we need to know who we are and build strong unshakable
foundations of ourselves. So our souls won't gradually reduce, speck by speck, like grains of sand carried off by ants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Katleho </span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mpopo" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mpopo" data-pwa-id="pwa-8D51EF286999C2401E6B7783C2E956AC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="APOPO~Mpozo~Popo~Mpolo~Mupopo">Mpopo</pwa></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"> is a </span><span style="font-size: large;">22-year-old student at the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Lesotho" style="font-size: x-large;" target="_blank">National University of Lesotho</a><span style="font-size: large;">, in Roma, Lesotho, where </span><span style="font-size: large;">she studies Economics. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Katleho grew up in rural <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Khukune" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Khukune" data-pwa-id="pwa-A2A2026CC4E3CD805CAA65F1DE5C239D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Khan~Kahn~Kuhn~shaken~Kohn">Khukune</pwa>, which is in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butha-Buthe_District" target="_blank">Butha-Buthe Distric</a>t. Her grandmother raised her, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"along with my 13 other cousins, aunts and
uncles while our parents went about finding work." </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When this young Sister realized that in her community, the only affordable food offered by the food industry is junk food, Katleho began plans to offer health and wellness food. "Basically, we consume a lot of junk food just because it is cheap, cheaper than healthy food. That's also why I am studying Economics at <a href="http://www.nul.ls/" target="_blank">NUL</a>; so I get to understand how the company can be competitive, how it can survive and thrive even in times of recession."</span><br />
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-76502305204752206632019-03-06T05:18:00.002-05:002019-03-11T07:43:50.739-04:00SmashWords' Read An eBook Free Week Offers Cries of Redemption Through March 9th<span style="font-size: large;">Cries of Redemption is free on <pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Smashwords" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Smashwords" data-pwa-id="pwa-2B58ACB20982445357852676C1B55D08" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Smash words">Smashwords</pwa> through March 9th as a part of their <a href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/793704">Read an <pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Ebook" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Ebook" data-pwa-id="pwa-F6B079BAC6943447C16AE3EF3D1C6035" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Book~Eboo~Eboko~Enook~Ebooks">Ebook</pwa> Week</a>. You can now make my <pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-A9D2D483321701AADFE2BF103A7EEC66" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-2AA13F782398883BE52D3AE27408E453" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-EEACCE12A1FE2D905DCDE6D7F7617FCE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-639F52219E9FEE1FE232B123D824545D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-10AFC49C1F5871189F6B260028C7ABD7" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-B24259961E5AB84521313042A3B497D2" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-969477D0FFE78117E22196FCED5CCBC1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="">book,</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-A9D2D483321701AADFE2BF103A7EEC66" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-2AA13F782398883BE52D3AE27408E453" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-EEACCE12A1FE2D905DCDE6D7F7617FCE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-639F52219E9FEE1FE232B123D824545D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-10AFC49C1F5871189F6B260028C7ABD7" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-B24259961E5AB84521313042A3B497D2" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="book,part" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: book,part" data-pwa-id="pwa-969477D0FFE78117E22196FCED5CCBC1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="">part</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> of your digital collection. Cries of Redemption illustrates the struggles of <pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="maafa" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: maafa" data-pwa-id="pwa-99A430105616D8796AA09A0697254414" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="morphia~move~Murphy~MF~movie">maafa</pwa> in America and the Caribbean; it celebrates the African Diaspora, the Black Experience, and pan-Africanism. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">"A new <a href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/caribbean?source=feed_text&epa=HASHTAG&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARCk0P50Duxy9wAwzfAF51a8afeBA0u-6_d0xxao8JTDugT8RMA6efuBVFZLi_EMDXBsfU2a2svmuNNNtfbNY3q44OD8BCsOa0uH5sVDoSvDAYdgZ3FspMo4ztNdPfimBrkuAGHaKM2KwraAc-KpDlcrpSgYDdzQbwYlJpixBVIsEyMIJpPfkIAvZR3UXrg6KPKVZan0cTUtTdTJ3XVpnRQarVg5tTr8xyxBJyq10QCzttXwRzpfC-M4iK4j3gTidqJO6Tue8Vg0lWVzZEe3JFCD4SeosXdhu-ClhOmhXDTWgj-hrF4OPtMEjgaC78vdKFqaR3b0rQfobW7UKmxBZqdEtFkV&__tn__=%2ANK-R">#Caribbean</a> voice from the diaspora who, 'Now wants to flutter <pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="throughout the world" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: worldwide" data-pwa-id="pwa-38521398717E1628EFBB11CA4497079E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2_206" data-pwa-suggestions="worldwide">throughout the world</pwa>, dipping and dashing and lifting <pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="up " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-0870DC151B63DB0EC656DFA5E06E6453" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2572" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">up </pwa>with rhythm of the winds, the winds of change.<br />This is a masterpiece of literary writing that draws on [his] experiences... The writer is 'writing to keep warm' but he keeps us all warm with his intelligence and keen observation of the broad sweep of life."<br /><pwa class="pwa-mark" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jan Augustin" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: Jan Augustin" data-pwa-id="pwa-F8F1C702764ABD8D0DCEB99F61F753EB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Jan Augustini">Jan Augustin</pwa> <br />Lecturer (Language and Communication). <br />Antigua State College. Eastern Caribbean</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">"Cries of Redemption" is a travel guide to consciousness. It is a beautiful rendition of the author's journey through life, his observations, and his reflections, all captured in prose and poetry that reflect the influences on his life. K. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Omodele" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Omodele" data-pwa-id="pwa-B7D3A8C623B855B73729BFD708E379C0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Modele~model~module~timidly~modal">Omodele</pwa> takes us on that journey..<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="." data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may require a space after it. Consider adding the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-4632CA218F75C8FC5780B18DC7C5A65B" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions=". ">.</pwa>revealing relationships between the freedom of the mind and the imprisonment of the body, the rebellious child and the wizened adult, the unconscious instinct and the focused mind.<br />This is a book for minds seeking the intervention of truth and beauty <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in the midst of" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: amid, during" data-pwa-id="pwa-68AE143BDFC9C880071089070DDA8B9A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2965" data-pwa-suggestions="amid~during">in the midst of</pwa> social and political chaos, confusion, racism and ugliness."<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojo_Nnamdi" target="_blank">Kojo Nnamdi</a>,<br />Host,<br /><a href="https://thekojonnamdishow.org/" target="_blank">The Kojo Nnamdi Show</a>,<br />WAMU FM,<br />Washington.</span><br />
<div class="smashwords-widget" data-bgcolor="#e40505" data-body="Cries of Redemption is comprised of Short Stories, Poetry and Essays with themes of the Caribbean and the African Diaspora. The stories are highly vivid and most are didactic or educational, while being entertaining. Along with being literary, this book also makes a great gift for teenagers and college students. It is an exotic and visually appealing coffee table or bedside, nightstand piece." data-buttoncolor="#c8f308" data-font="sans" data-headline="Cries of Redemption (The Abeng and My Conscious Pen)" data-height="480" data-items="book:793704" data-ribboncolor="#4181c3" data-type="single" data-width="550" style="height: 480px; width: 550px;">
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<br />Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-53544548907707537782019-02-26T18:04:00.000-05:002019-03-04T16:41:03.637-05:00Abeng Op-Ed: African Governments Should Honor Black History Month by Jah Rootsman <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>copyright 2019 <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jah" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jah" data-pwa-id="pwa-CB2A734C2AC282B3543B2E0D6BB21B12" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Ah~Jan~Jay~ah~Ja">Jah</pwa> Rootsman</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">What an anomaly that
governments in Africa have little or no appetite in honoring nor
celebrating Black History Month,
<pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-475CA9A9DA5AB722D374A22E86D86EB3" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F974C8573BA743835E63F17B964D9E8C" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B0B751455A91E8DCFC332D09C3CD253E" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-08AFA35F207E0931E9440A03C80C2B40" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which">which </pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-AEED5B812206EE3BCB1FAC254E087EFC" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-475CA9A9DA5AB722D374A22E86D86EB3" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F974C8573BA743835E63F17B964D9E8C" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which"><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B0B751455A91E8DCFC332D09C3CD253E" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which is celebrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-08AFA35F207E0931E9440A03C80C2B40" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they celebrate which~it celebrates which~I celebrate which~us celebrate which~it celebrate which~I celebrates which~us celebrates which~someone celebrates which~someone celebrate which">is celebrated</pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa></pwa> in February to honor the black men and women who inspired
us, liberated us mentally, spiritually and physically from the yoke of colonial
oppression. South Africa has a lot to be thankful for, to stalwarts like Steve
Biko, Nelson Mandela, Robert Sobukwe, Albertina Sisulu, Mahatma Gandhi, Desmond
Tutu, Fatima Meer, Oliver Tambo, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and countless others
who sacrificed themselves for our freedom and independence in a thankless
world. They left legacies that need to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be remembered" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E69CA2829EEC411AC0B12344296C0440" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be remembered</pwa> and fulfilled and
unfortunately it is up to conscious cultural groups like us, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Rastafari" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Rastafari" data-pwa-id="pwa-E494613F029D95FDA4FDD43AC7C601F0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="restore~restful~Cristoforo~rectifier~rooster">Rastafari</pwa>, Kwanzaa
and similar entities that are prepared to accept the responsibility and run
with it. Regrettably, this reflects the puny minds of African
political ‘so-called’ leaders, whose only interests are in self-
aggrandizement, political propaganda and selfish agrarians. Their predominant
agenda comprises a prevailing addiction to greed and self-enrichment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In Africa, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="#BlackHistoryMonth is supposed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-53AC880328D4DBB0595A44E3FF020955" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="I suppose #~us suppose #~they suppose #~it supposes #~it suppose #~I supposes #~us supposes #~someone supposes #~they supposes #~someone suppose #~something suppose #">#BlackHistoryMonth is supposed</pwa> to generate a host and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="hive" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-E4C69CA1EC97F57F712774C25331E970" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_HIVE_38" data-pwa-suggestions="give">hive</pwa> of cultural
activities throughout the continent for the month to
inspire communities and kids by <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="edutaining" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: edutaining" data-pwa-id="pwa-E14CA302A8D32C033095DFA5FC18B84B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="denying~defining~retaining~staining~draining">edutaining</pwa> them through music and other cultural and historical
perspectives. Inculcating pride, confidence, honor and dignity in themselves as
peoples of this great and majestic continent, ravaged and
converted by colonials whose legacies have become the norm by which we
Africans have shaped, defend and live out our lives today; lives which we call
normal. The Bible is the most damaging contribution left by these nefarious colonialists and has usurped our own cultures.</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">"Africans are in bondage today because they approach spirituality through religion provided by foreign invaders and conquerors." ~ Emperor Haile Selassie I.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sadly, in Africa, our children still do not have the slightest
clue about the importance of #BlackHistoryMonth. As Africans, it is embarrassing and disconcerting to
watch the Diaspora keep the flame burning while we in Africa nonchalantly
“carry on” with our lives, whereas our proud African legacies are being
disregarded by the same people who see and call themselves ‘freedom fighters’
and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="‘" data-pwa-hint="You're opening single quotes before having closed the last pair. If using nested quotes you should use double quotes rather than single." data-pwa-id="pwa-CF20ECBF3D98BCB7520DB69B78C2E28D" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">‘</pwa>struggle heroes’. Jamaica has even elevated this month (February), to
“Reggae Month”. As <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Rastafari" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Rastafari" data-pwa-id="pwa-9DDFD6A439614DCCF9B9ADE5C9AF9E52" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="restore~rooster~rectifier~roster~restful">Rastafari</pwa> in particular, we thank you, our counterparts, for
this extended auspicious honor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">RISE <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="UP " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-B89378E6C621FA895EF3F3CA3FAC43B0" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2651" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">UP </pwa>AFRICA–RISE<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" UP" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-4C72B73A79F5491F4ED4A6EDEE73A820" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2651" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"> UP</pwa>!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/JahRootsman" target="_blank"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Jah" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Jah" data-pwa-id="pwa-334E6DD0D82008C5DCC1F0C021A8D2E9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Ah~Jan~Jay~Ja~Jam">Jah</pwa> Rootsman</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Rastaman. South Africa</span></div>
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-47459560472709961242019-02-23T08:38:00.003-05:002019-02-23T08:44:37.596-05:00On The Abeng Playlist: Dave - Black<div style="text-align: right;">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Currently in" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: In" data-pwa-id="pwa-FFD1928F6043767A17F9C71041CF6ED4" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_480" data-pwa-suggestions="In">Currently in</pwa> My Playlist: Black by Dave</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The lyrics and the flow to this song caught me hard, the words got me hooked. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="Make sure that all of the quotations and brackets in this paragraph are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-84C65B079D48FCC5CB1C741E4BE58E7A" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">"</pwa> ... Black is people naming your countries on what they trade most,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Coast of Ivory, Gold Coast and the Grain Coast,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">but <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="most importantly, " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-B60820448EEFC843DC5B2115AFA53899" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1030" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">most importantly, </pwa>to show how deep all this pain goes,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">West Africa, Benin, they call it Slave Coast...</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">loud in our laughter, silent in our suffering,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Black is being strong inside the face of defeat,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">poverty made me a beast, a bout with the law in the streets,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">well you struggle but your struggle ain't a struggle like me,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">how could it <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be," data-pwa-hint="Unnecessary comma before a subordinate conjunction." data-pwa-id="pwa-481C3295F0B99DD5766827AFB19391DF" data-pwa-rule-id="COMMA_IF" data-pwa-suggestions="be">be,</pwa> when your people gave us the odds <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-20F66E67CABF67FEB5EF53D0D39ED387" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1513" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">that </pwa>we beat?...</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Unconditional love is strange to them, it's amazing them.."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Just a small sample of Dave's art, by a pure artist.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Listen, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="nuh" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: nuh" data-pwa-id="pwa-8591707E6B3759E4C56FFE6810550502" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="huh~duh~uh~nu~nun">nuh</pwa>!</span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pDUPSNdmFew" width="480"></iframe></div>
<br />Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-70246626035317852852019-02-11T17:24:00.000-05:002019-03-11T07:46:32.217-04:00Spoken Word Griots: African Oral Tradition in Caribbean Music (Third Part) - Calypso <h2 style="text-align: center;">
Spoken Word Griots: African Oral Tradition in Caribbean Music (Third Part) - #Calypso<br /><span style="font-size: large;">by K. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Omodele" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Omodele" data-pwa-id="pwa-D5B7A1FBE225ED67AB7EA960BE0DFFDE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Modele~Smedley">Omodele</pwa></span></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2011/05/spoken-word-griots-african-oral.html#.XE4UAlVKiM8" target="_blank">African traditions and customs</a> are in the heartbeat of Caribbean culture; so, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="its" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-6292F03C664D6C693E91144B06A92441" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_ITS_8" data-pwa-suggestions="it's">its</pwa> not surprising that the African tradition of storytelling drums so deep within many forms Caribbean music, none more so than calypso. Matter of fact, whenever I think of calypso, I think first about lyrics - the buildup, the punch line and the reflection. Niceness. As a wordsmith, I marvel at the wordplay of the great calypso storytellers. Whether the lyrics be somber-social, political or commentary; or, whether they're witty and precocious slackness, or just straight, belly-bussing comedy, this Caribbean music with its roots planted in the African oral tradition is <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="art" data-pwa-hint="Possible missing determiner" data-pwa-id="pwa-6C2B63CB58797E874FEEDED6B11DCF66" data-pwa-rule-id="DET_CG_2" data-pwa-suggestions="an art~the art">art</pwa>, pure art, plain and simple.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">A Short History of Calypso Music</span></h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">Like many forms of Caribbean or West Indian music, Calypso's roots were dug up from Africa, then transported to the Caribbean on slave ships during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The slaves in Trinidad and Tobago <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="weren't allowed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-4DBECA99121BB602C34C87B7C5E6B2A5" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">weren't allowed</pwa> to speak to one another while they slaved in the fields, so they sang to communicate. They kept the freestyle (improvisational), functional elements of West African <i><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="kaiso" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: kaiso" data-pwa-id="pwa-20BA9226984A375198535C8CB92171E5" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="is~was~eyes~has~Kaiso">kaiso</pwa> </i>as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a form of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-3D22E3E2B1E632D6842604CB9C176E7C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_430" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">a form of </pwa>covert communication (separate from the overt language of the slave <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="massa" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-50220F3C4C50070B81CB7791B3DB7076" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_MASSA_17" data-pwa-suggestions="mass">massa</pwa>). This early predecessor to calypso was rebellious chanting about their conditions and the status quo, i.e. plantation life. </span><span style="font-size: large;">They were songs with clever lyrics about social conditions and often mocked slave masters or political leaders.</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>The French Influence: Carnival and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Canboule" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Canboule" data-pwa-id="pwa-B3EA839356E4AC0D282AAC6DC64F8076" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="cannibal~connubial~Cannibal~cornball~Kinabalu">Canboule</pwa> </i></span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Spain had first colonized Trinidad, but up to the 1770s the population was small, less than 3000, two-thirds of them Arawak. In 1770, a Frenchman made a proposal that would bring the French, their slaves and some free blacks from the French colonies/islands of Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="to heavily populate" data-pwa-hint="Split infinitive. Some people strongly object to this type of construction, especially in formal writing. If your reader is likely to object to the split infinitive, rewrite the sentence to avoid its use." data-pwa-id="pwa-636A2688482230A9CD9A4298033752DE" data-pwa-rule-id="SPLT_INFI" data-pwa-suggestions="">to heavily populate</pwa> Trinidad, which would help develop the plantation economy. These French (and blacks from French islands) turned the slow, undeveloped, Spanish colony, into a culturally French dominated one. And they brought the carnival and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="canboulay" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: canboulay" data-pwa-id="pwa-7E7A6282E12178B6699BD078705DBCDE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="noble~capable~unable~enable~counsel">canboulay</pwa> festivities and traditions.</span></span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Kaisos" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Kaisos" data-pwa-id="pwa-3B17B17AFCE690410F28474427124A82" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Jesus~Cases~Courses~Caesars~Cassius">Kaisos</pwa> were now performed by griots and/or <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="chantwells" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: chantwells" data-pwa-id="pwa-8F732AF6FFB40907346103788D09C8CC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="chant wells">chantwells</pwa> (from the French word <i><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="chantuelles" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: chantuelles" data-pwa-id="pwa-536FFB130AFE77E46EB438632237327D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Chantilly~chanterelles~chenilles">chantuelles</pwa></i>) at <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="canboulays" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: canboulays" data-pwa-id="pwa-C439C244BBA5A43F1F9D03B1117AD6D6" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="councils~canals~cables~nobles~candles">canboulays</pwa> (harvest festivals, from the French <i><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="cannes" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: cannes" data-pwa-id="pwa-E8EE072D55E3557A4F8FD0ABDDCA21FC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="canoes~canned~canners~Cannes">cannes</pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="brulées" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: brulées" data-pwa-id="pwa-A4E5B46F734F43FA8DDED0E2E21CBE70" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Berlin~rules~girls~bars~birds">brulées</pwa></i>), which was the black alternative to carnival (which neither slaves nor free blacks could attend). As a result, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Kaisos" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Kaisos" data-pwa-id="pwa-A657DC0E4B6B6CD3302C15ED68E2E9CA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Kairos~Kainos~Kasos~Kaiso~Kassos">Kaisos</pwa></span></span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"> and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="canboulay" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: canboulay" data-pwa-id="pwa-38E34438DB7D03CFBB5041FF66FD087B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="noble">canboulay</pwa> music became the voice of the people and were the music blacks performed and listened, under tents at <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="canboulays" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: canboulays" data-pwa-id="pwa-EDEC7054D124615D4BEA97A051111912" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="councils~consoles~candles~cables~Chablis">canboulays</pwa>.</span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In the old West African ways, the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="chantwells" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: chantwells" data-pwa-id="pwa-C79D4C2307EDDAE0E1D7D12798ECB6F4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="chant wells">chantwells</pwa> often told stories that challenged each other in competition, boasting and ridiculing, while also challenging the audience to "keep up" with witty wordplay and double meanings. Sometimes songs were quick to make fun of adversaries within the griot fraternity - like free styles battles and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="clashes" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-380DF050DEB7B79EF5B405571347AF63" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_CLASHES_48" data-pwa-suggestions="lashes">clashes</pwa> today. In other cases, the stories would be didactic, or cleverly packed with sexual undertones, or just analytic or critical of the authority and power structure. These early calypsonians were skilled wordsmiths, slamming, slicing and nudging each other with sharp verbal skills.</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">Spoken Word and Storytelling<i> </i></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqW1WdxCMeaHHEFj0ILPlvZj7Me_oeEwvZ2eiDUKbALgGqq9P1PcBjCpOBYPMmMyx-x66nvY5uyACGQ-8ZFLVym_H8jKDAj4vVWl7R9XH1zPuZLhxzYElRtL5J9_klm1m4UEnlC4LxwpM/s1600/Lord+Invader.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqW1WdxCMeaHHEFj0ILPlvZj7Me_oeEwvZ2eiDUKbALgGqq9P1PcBjCpOBYPMmMyx-x66nvY5uyACGQ-8ZFLVym_H8jKDAj4vVWl7R9XH1zPuZLhxzYElRtL5J9_klm1m4UEnlC4LxwpM/s1600/Lord+Invader.jpg" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">When you check the various components that make up calypso, storytelling and commentary are functional.</span></span> <span style="font-size: large;">The calypsonian (the calypso singer) is most definitely a spoken word griot, a <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="djele" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: djele" data-pwa-id="pwa-0FE1CE07F7A5C566FDD3AF374CC350C3" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="deal~devil~doll~double~delay">djele</pwa>. He or she is a storyteller in the true sense, relaying his or her take on social and political issues of the society. That calypso derived from African oral tradition is obvious and undeniable when you consider this music's functionality.</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxiGxVKuhFJQzmvMXOWNNG7rQbc31tIbStl6JacMl7WzuK7GVKITVHlSiNmwt8eTn3nKrhR47BSgqOAViVxWg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">"A Calypsonian is a poor man newspaper."</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">"I consider the </span><span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Kaisonian" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Kaisonian" data-pwa-id="pwa-0ADB7BFE77B82F8B7B28C8CED5AE330F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="sunna~keystone~Sunni~Ukrainian~Susanna">Kaisonian</pwa></span><span style="font-size: large;"> as the old African storyteller..."</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<u><b></b></u>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
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<a name='more'></a><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The Mighty Sparrow's Wanted Dead or Alive</span> </b><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In Wanted Dead or Alive, The Mighty Sparrow commentated the socio-political climate of the year 1979, in depth. </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The rule of the tyrants decline<br />
The year, 1979<br />
From Uganda to Nicaragua<br />
It's bombs and bullets all the time<br />
<br />
So they corrupt, so they vile<br />
So it's coup after coup all the while<br />
Human rights they violate<br />
They thought they were so great<br />
So in disgrace now they live in exile </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">
Gairy is a wanted man<br />
Idi Amin is a wanted man<br />
Shah of Iran tried so hard to survive<br />
He, too, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is wanted" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-729C69DF6FF412CE9BEA3106517738A6" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">is wanted</pwa> dead or alive<br />
<br />
Strikes, demonstrations & wars<br />
Injustice is always the cause<br />
Politicians turn too soon from<br />
Poor people into tycoons<br />
Corruption must bring harass<br />
<br />
South African Vorster resign in disgrace<br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Muzurewa" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Muzurewa" data-pwa-id="pwa-78D3A76E40AE4D13F5F646D8003402F2" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Muzorewa">
Muzurewa</pwa> take away Ian Smith place<br />
The Uganda devil was easily cat straddled<br />
Beaten up and chased - what a waste.<br />
<br />
Gairy is a wanted man<br />
Patrick John is a wanted man<br />
The Shah of Iran try so hard to survive<br />
He too <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was wanted" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9F19482BEC569A800E287531BE111F01" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was wanted</pwa> dead or alive.<br />
<br />
The shah had a short time to live<br />
Because the Ayatollah don't forgive<br />
When you see church ruling state<br />
With pure vengeance and hate<br />
Situation must be explosive<br />
<br />
General Somoza from Nicaragua<br />
Thought it was easy with the Sandinistas<br />
With the help of Venezuela, Panama and Cuba<br />
They kick him straight to America.<br />
<br />
Gairy is a wanted man<br />
Bokassa is a wanted man<br />
Ali Bhutto try so hard to survive<br />
He too <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was wanted" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F91340D9E105BF6AB54CACF47D245249" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was wanted</pwa> dead or alive.<br />
<br />
Grenada mongoose was bad and so brave<br />
They send the old bishop straight to the grave<br />
After that well Gairy skip town<br />
With the diary of the Obeah gong<br />
No more people to enslave<br />
<br />
Trinidad neighbors expected more mayhem<br />
Anytime anything can happen to them<br />Eric Williams taking a backseat to avoid<br />
Bacchanal<br />
But everybody <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="know" data-pwa-hint="Possible subject-verb agreement error" data-pwa-id="pwa-6B87439B5D0152AB0A006AB5F23E117E" data-pwa-rule-id="PRP_CTX:C43" data-pwa-suggestions="knows">know</pwa> he afraid a Karl<br />
<br />
Gairy is a wanted man<br />
Park Chung Hee was a wanted man<br /><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Acheam" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Acheam" data-pwa-id="pwa-EC418667866FA4796738317B58D68E95" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Joachim~Achema~Cheam~Achiam~Aheam">
Acheam</pwa> Pong fight so hard to survive<br />
He too <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was wanted" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-D0E9F9CAA6DDC83B8758AD965C51776D" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was wanted</pwa> dead or alive</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</blockquote>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Calypso music carries the oral </span><span style="font-size: large;">African</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">traditions</span><span style="font-size: large;"> of </span><span style="font-size: large;">storytelling, boastful tales and hilarious ridicule, and commentating social and political affairs. Calypsonians or <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Kaisonians" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Kaisonians" data-pwa-id="pwa-E73948B3EA081CF7F3D92E17D24F1E3F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Ukrainians~Sunnis~Kenyans~Keynesians~opsonins">Kaisonians</pwa> are <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="some of the" data-pwa-hint="Consider using 'some'." data-pwa-id="pwa-E1615B8AF6BCCD0941FF9C296F9B7091" data-pwa-rule-id="SOME_OF_THE" data-pwa-suggestions="some">some of the</pwa> most exciting griots and storytellers of Caribbean music. <span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1549923528301_28305373728932315" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="rangySelectionBoundary" id="selectionBoundary_1549923332499_15610456614272095" style="display: none; line-height: 0;"></span></span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2011/05/spoken-word-griots-african-oral.html#.XGPXilVKiM8" target="_blank">Spoken Word Griots: African Oral Tradition In Caribbean Music (Part 1)</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2011/07/spoken-word-griots-african-oral.html#.XGPYCFVKiM8" target="_blank">Spoken Word Griots: African Oral Tradition in Caribbean Music - Calypso (Part 2)</a></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Sources:</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">https://zocalopoets.com/2016/02/08/kaiso-to-soca-a-brief-history-of-calypso-music/</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">https://www.wordsinthebucket.com/the-evolution-of-calypso-and-birth-of-soca-music</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Williams, Eric. History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="EWorld" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: EWorld" data-pwa-id="pwa-6167471DCFF94F14B001A492475F08A0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="World~KWorld~Ewald~Ewold~Owelty">EWorld</pwa> Inc. Buffalo, NY.</span><br />
<script pwa=""> <pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-BE3654203E3478D141E9F8A3D1B4985D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: src="http" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="src="http" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">src="http</pwa>://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-08F8F8D20A6DD00E9353FC9E2B59ADD4" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa> <pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-4F0EEF8C139702F5F11DE960955C658F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: type="text" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="type="text" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">type="text</pwa>/<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-2772DDD1823E20421AD52CCB42A4E76E" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: javascript" data-pwa-suggestions="JavaScript" data-pwa-dictionary-word="javascript" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">javascript</pwa><pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-AC2A8BE34D14F8075EDE99BE0D7E6003" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa>></font></p>
<p>
<font size="5"></<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-88F62375C8B127108982F646885A904B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: script><br" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="script><br" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">script><br</pwa> /></font></p>
<p>
<font size="5"><a <pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-16E56DABFA6976C3D4E050AEEE6174DC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: href="http" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="href="http" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">href="http</pwa>://www.blogger.com/goog_1674118489<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-2F7F3E25415BA2C6F3947EED91C17BA8" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa>><br /></font></p>
<p>
<font size="5"></<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-3CB71FC176C4A7B221BA825852C5B513" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: a><br" data-pwa-suggestions="Aubrey~Iberia~abr~abbr~Abra" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a><br" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">a><br</pwa> /></font></p>
<p>
<font size="5"><script <pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-BF66C6426F7C161A473747125D916972" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: src="http" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="src="http" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">src="http</pwa>://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-860E54D83B9BB51DEEE455FD9DA6CB84" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa>></font></p>
<p>
<font size="5"></<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-C676EE43CC0F8353ABB19CF9566FE1F4" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: script><fb:like" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="script><fb:like" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">script><fb:like</pwa> font="" <pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-94FCA59B7C2500D254409FAB1B1A1C70" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: href="http" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="href="http" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">href="http</pwa>://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2018/08/reading-is-right-and-honorable-thing.html#<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-8B55C4369B8425907DAD8FCB7377EAFD" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may require a space after it. Consider adding the space." data-pwa-suggestions=". " data-pwa-dictionary-word="." class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">.</pwa>W3afgs5KiM8<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-E2AAD7E9CC597C4BBFFC127A5DCD99B8" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa> <pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-3AA35F086EAE8646EC97B9E21EE0B181" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: send="true" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="send="true" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">send="true</pwa><pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-52C802E3C782711D008EFDEADEECB760" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa> <pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-AF0DFDFB2912418D5EA01454A2742CB6" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: show_faces="true" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="show_faces="true" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">show_faces="true</pwa><pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-3ACE8B63705F28261C6347BA46C92870" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa> width="450<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-99163FD8822338DC24CC813D37463A5E" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-suggestions=","" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">"</pwa>></<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-042D9C77D034CAB6A90B4E08C7DDEA66" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: fb:like><br" data-pwa-suggestions="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="fb:like><br" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">fb:like><br</pwa> /></font></p>
<p>
<font size="5"><<pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-D2BFC09DFC6270621DDAD77C19176063" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: br" data-pwa-suggestions="or~by~be~bar~hr" data-pwa-dictionary-word="br" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">br</pwa> /></font></p>
<p>
<font size="5"><br></font></p>
<p>
<font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5"></font>
<font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5"><b>SOURCES:</b></font></p>
<p>
<br></p>
<p>
<font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5">https://zocalopoets.com/2016/02/08/kaiso-to-soca-a-brief-history-of-calypso-music/</font></p>
<p>
<font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5"><br></font>
<font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5">https://www.wordsinthebucket.com/from-the-cotton-fields-to-the-carnival</font></p>
<p>
<br></p>
<p>
<font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5">Williams, Eric. <i>History of The People of Trinidad and Tobago</i>. </font><font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5"><pwa data-pwa-id="pwa-AA3EABF49DD260E98CB8A9164CEF17BA" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: EWorld" data-pwa-suggestions="World~KWorld~Ewald~Ewold~Owelty" data-pwa-dictionary-word="EWorld" class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done">EWorld</pwa> Inc. </font><font data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: large;" size="5">Buffalo, NY. </font></p>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
</script>Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-13212739509268964192019-02-04T04:24:00.000-05:002019-02-08T23:11:35.579-05:00Africa Was Born in Me: Black History 24/7, 365 <h2 style="text-align: center;">
Black History 24/7, 365 @TheAbeng #theabeng</h2>
<div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Black history is world history. African history is part of
the Black story;<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" after all, Black" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: Black" data-pwa-id="pwa-FBB38DE498BAAD1D49BF97332DCA2B0D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_665" data-pwa-suggestions="Black"> after all, Black</pwa> history didn’t begin with slavery, neither
did it end in Africa. Black history reaches from the Rift Valley floor to the various
ages of mass-incarceration cages, to repatriation and reclamation of African citizenship.
Black <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="people" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect noun form" data-pwa-id="pwa-6246E6F5B6E45C2210C81A8EDC2D2ED2" data-pwa-rule-id="APOS_D" data-pwa-suggestions="people's">people</pwa> stories rather leap off ships, jump off cliffs, tear their own skin with
sparks from munitions than live bowed on knees. Black history (<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ourstory" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ourstory" data-pwa-id="pwa-B8AD80F90DB10B6D28258045DE0D5EA5" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="our story">ourstory</pwa>) is
love while gritting teeth, while kissing teeth, while sucking teeth, while
grinding teeth down to chalk so as not to have families torn apart. Black
history is Black people story. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We now reclaim Black history as Black people’s story–we will
tell our own stories, express our own experiences; we will no longer sit down
by another fire side and hear someone else tell us who we are, what we should
be, who we should dress like, how we should talk. I want talk how-so-ever I feel
fah talk <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="to me " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-51B384F2D59214682E99D6E15BED1F6A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_183" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">to me </pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nua" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nua" data-pwa-id="pwa-E9A95910C27CE42FA0E542D5288129BB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Na~Nu~Nut~Nun~qua">Nua</pwa>. And if it pidgin, or creole, or patois–<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="soundin" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: soundin" data-pwa-id="pwa-AE6ED02FC0D0DEB9C43F6969D852FA0D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="sounding~sound in">soundin</pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="’" data-pwa-hint="You're closing single quotes before having opened them." data-pwa-id="pwa-0E4DB68B066B952C5B457B74491E94CA" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">’</pwa>, is
because one time we couldn’t talk unless we talked like how the colonialists
talked–<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="speaky" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: speaky" data-pwa-id="pwa-DBED7055442ECB7D752BC5C1DD622E30" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="speak~speaks~sneaky">speaky</pwa>, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="spokey" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: spokey" data-pwa-id="pwa-42DF73FC3234B9C74EC3F377C6E0113C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="spoke~spoken~spokes~smokey">spokey</pwa>. So, Black history is Kreyol, Black story is <pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Creolese" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Creolese" data-pwa-id="pwa-E91DC2A5273CA22DC44D75EBA5860FFC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="careless~garrulous~querulous~Carolus"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Creolese" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Creolese" data-pwa-id="pwa-D08E3485F5636C4F4ACD63CC37A9E1D3" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="careless~garrulous~querulous~Carolus">Creolese</pwa>, </pwa>Black story is Patwa, Black story is Ebonics or Pidgin or Papiamento or Krio. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">AND</i>, Black history is also Twi, and
Yoruba, and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Mandinke" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Mandinke" data-pwa-id="pwa-AF718095ABD800F7F2B65EDE814F9935" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Monadnock~Mandinka~Minnetonka">Mandinke</pwa>, and Xhosa, and Ibo, and Hausa, and so many others because
African tongues is the root of we ‘tory, our story. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvUL2QrMLcN7X4etw0KKsaxZThBYUHSfm_ZWLGpj9klY8Aqqnnqx8iR8I8kjAs6Z4nUmghpc5AdW9ZrNLEb70ESIPXfIDGKocSju65oELYcZPAn_w0A0aryLZP_QCHIUXdq9mcmpu_BZQ/s1600/drums6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="426" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvUL2QrMLcN7X4etw0KKsaxZThBYUHSfm_ZWLGpj9klY8Aqqnnqx8iR8I8kjAs6Z4nUmghpc5AdW9ZrNLEb70ESIPXfIDGKocSju65oELYcZPAn_w0A0aryLZP_QCHIUXdq9mcmpu_BZQ/s320/drums6.jpg" width="212" /></a><span style="font-size: large;">African history is black history because Africa is born
within <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="us," data-pwa-hint="It appears that you have an unnecessary comma in a compound predicate. Consider removing it." data-pwa-id="pwa-CA63338745AE90725158E22D80C60387" data-pwa-rule-id="UN_COMMA" data-pwa-suggestions="us">us,</pwa> and walks with us; right, Nana- Buluku and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Olorun" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Olorun" data-pwa-id="pwa-15360E57B5A12A7AC0AEBED16B6E7E70" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Lorun~Olorus~Olorua~Ologun~Oloron">Olorun</pwa>? Right, Shango?
See me, Nyame? Listen me, Nyambi, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="nuh" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: nuh" data-pwa-id="pwa-5698ADBC1B0284DA60E84483DD02A83B" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="nur~Nuh">nuh</pwa> man? Africa born in all we Samba, all we
Rhumba, all <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a we" data-pwa-hint="Possible typo. Did you mean 'a' or 'we'?" data-pwa-id="pwa-3BB37AFF1DA0AD861BCF853F6B43B088" data-pwa-rule-id="DT_PRP" data-pwa-suggestions="a~we">a we</pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Nyabinghi" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Nyabinghi" data-pwa-id="pwa-35A6BA057941AA2BF2B5379DCE0270BF" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="inbeing~Binghi~unbenign">Nyabinghi</pwa>, we <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Kumfa" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Kumfa" data-pwa-id="pwa-C6246C2589262B836BF8AB86A52DE14A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Kumta~KMFA~Kumba~Kumya~Kufa">Kumfa</pwa>, we <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Kumina" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Kumina" data-pwa-id="pwa-41B0FCA47AAFD16F9993C718AB6F505D" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Lumina~Kymina~Kulina~Kumna~Kutina">Kumina</pwa>; in all we <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Merengueing" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Merengueing" data-pwa-id="pwa-AA91715CFBED583D0EFC5F407C5F979F" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="morning~mourning~managing~Morning~arranging">Merengueing</pwa> and we <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Limboing" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Limboing" data-pwa-id="pwa-523E42CBE10C83EE07B49978543CA440" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Lamboing~Limbong~bombing~climbing~plumbing">Limboing</pwa> and we
Wining, and we <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Kumbaying" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Kumbaying" data-pwa-id="pwa-B911B60BACDB617D6708863AA4DD74DB" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="bombing~combing~numbing~Zamboanga~Bombing">Kumbaying</pwa>, mi Lord. You overstand? Africa born in all we cassava
and yam and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ochro" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ochro" data-pwa-id="pwa-A6945E980FF335088357A4244ABD5E04" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="ochre~archery~ashore~Asherah~euchre">ochro</pwa> gumbo and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="metemgee" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: metemgee" data-pwa-id="pwa-89ACB4D78673765742679B2D7EAA0700" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="meeting~mating">metemgee</pwa>/oil down/run down and even when we pop a
top <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="a" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-FD5EA8E048C5B4B2466F80275366D2AD" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_A_6" data-pwa-suggestions="and">a</pwa> pour a <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="lil" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: lil" data-pwa-id="pwa-B4DFBA5826C90C14510C50FDC3BB32AC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="lie~lid~lily~lip~lit">lil</pwa> libation <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="pon" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: pon" data-pwa-id="pwa-2D13CBAD6647D22FC9C3F3C8838A3AEC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="on~son~non~pan~don">pon</pwa> de ground for <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="we" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-6E1AE8AF2F112BF09923F40BF849AC62" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_WE_6" data-pwa-suggestions="wee">we</pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="bredren" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: bredren" data-pwa-id="pwa-14E839DA83FEA56BB9AA0AF73217B5FE" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="broidering">bredren</pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="wah" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: wah" data-pwa-id="pwa-E0A81C06B754BE47025E9A3B96DCB423" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="was~war~way~ah~wag">wah</pwa> gone; Africa in <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="deh" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: deh" data-pwa-id="pwa-6F2BBA66478F125E6F805767AB4DFAC6" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dew~den~dah~del~eh">deh</pwa>,
it in <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="deh" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: deh" data-pwa-id="pwa-CCE9CA5DBD822B01918D7A0149584F89" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="dew~den~dah~del~eh">deh</pwa>, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ayahhh" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ayahhh" data-pwa-id="pwa-C8BED8850E63FCE832F4811CEF6897B1" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="high~High~Shih~Shah~heath">ayahhh</pwa>- <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="ohhhh" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: ohhhh" data-pwa-id="pwa-CD79CEB48E9B37B3DF37DF4BE0ACBEFC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Chihuahua">ohhhh</pwa>, it in deh. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: start;">“I am not African because I was born in Africa but because Africa was born in me.” ~ Kwame Nkrumah</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHEU-ybY4QXBQQ8SbQXGPVa5_a_yvMhtSPpjRYPZSujHlOh_6VD0W5h4fc1gEqYGedwrPw0Ls_Xn6Wb-zPlKqpMtyaT_UL0fwckDTEMDk7BSIBOFcZGIF_o98R259CGe5EE0qxaWeF53U/s1600/drums5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bwtxDmAImMl54BqXi7ECAXoknOQ5NBfybZ-iTU3wDQSjy30Fgr0Pj-7atqBtdkuCXE0ksonPJvorht0wZ5CTLYSIo9VgNDVeZRPuvrxrYUrtryhJmYLFmezGyvJ40bS5xJudVe7vxJc/s1600/Drums.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1260" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bwtxDmAImMl54BqXi7ECAXoknOQ5NBfybZ-iTU3wDQSjy30Fgr0Pj-7atqBtdkuCXE0ksonPJvorht0wZ5CTLYSIo9VgNDVeZRPuvrxrYUrtryhJmYLFmezGyvJ40bS5xJudVe7vxJc/s320/Drums.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN852d_QMv9S7LTI9fCMFI9MZPWTQ3Jukxr1iK2Apc8M5bNx7Lniy4jMxbnEaS6cUo5npqAiMNC-wM1G6ZLydmsymEzy4XaxQk9EeCoynd8xrSgq0cGP-nNuU_Eq9IMnOI4eh1VjVjYbI/s1600/drums2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="1083" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN852d_QMv9S7LTI9fCMFI9MZPWTQ3Jukxr1iK2Apc8M5bNx7Lniy4jMxbnEaS6cUo5npqAiMNC-wM1G6ZLydmsymEzy4XaxQk9EeCoynd8xrSgq0cGP-nNuU_Eq9IMnOI4eh1VjVjYbI/s200/drums2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Washington, D.C.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHEU-ybY4QXBQQ8SbQXGPVa5_a_yvMhtSPpjRYPZSujHlOh_6VD0W5h4fc1gEqYGedwrPw0Ls_Xn6Wb-zPlKqpMtyaT_UL0fwckDTEMDk7BSIBOFcZGIF_o98R259CGe5EE0qxaWeF53U/s1600/drums5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="288" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s320/drums3.jpg" width="264" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Cartegena" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Cartegena" data-pwa-id="pwa-FF8C208F67F0BB3A4BF7A106FFFA8E2A" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Cartagena~Cardigan~god-king~Goodkin~Katakana">Cartegena</pwa></td></tr>
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</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOtefclQMRpkEZPLIY3xpP7KvDeexyv8V3qHTjKHBeBGfnHW0Wi7xJg0qBGtY4GJSqYsKyh9FBmrtBdGRmkFcHg1T86nYWUmR4zWM0hRvUb03ClplMAVP99szm29z0P8KAnYSHGlhpb8M/s1600/drums3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHEU-ybY4QXBQQ8SbQXGPVa5_a_yvMhtSPpjRYPZSujHlOh_6VD0W5h4fc1gEqYGedwrPw0Ls_Xn6Wb-zPlKqpMtyaT_UL0fwckDTEMDk7BSIBOFcZGIF_o98R259CGe5EE0qxaWeF53U/s1600/drums5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHEU-ybY4QXBQQ8SbQXGPVa5_a_yvMhtSPpjRYPZSujHlOh_6VD0W5h4fc1gEqYGedwrPw0Ls_Xn6Wb-zPlKqpMtyaT_UL0fwckDTEMDk7BSIBOFcZGIF_o98R259CGe5EE0qxaWeF53U/s320/drums5.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Georgetown</td></tr>
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-62597566054749434432019-01-30T23:46:00.000-05:002019-02-17T08:20:13.979-05:00Abeng Essay: The Beginnings and Development of Racism in The U.S.: Some Implications for Black Americans (Part 2) by Dr. Cicely A. Rodway <br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Beginnings and Development of Racism in The U.S.: Some Implications for Black Americans (Part 2)<i> </i></span><i style="font-size: x-large;">by Dr. Cicely A. Rodway </i><span style="font-size: small;">copyright 1987 C. A. Rodway</span></h2>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>"To fully appreciate the long history of white racist views which have had such negative effects on all aspects of Black Americans' existence, it is necessary to begin at the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="very " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-DC494C835C9C0D2C2562D5D559239A8C" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_297" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">very </pwa>beginning when the first [Africans] <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were brought" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DCF7E25BC0F037F207700FB250D482E4" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were brought</pwa> to America from the Motherland, Africa."</i> </span><span style="font-size: large;">~ <b>Dr. C. A. Rodway</b>; <a href="http://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2018/12/abeng-essay-beginnings-and-development.html#.XFH72lVKiM8" target="_blank">from part 1 of this essay</a> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="The first Africans were brought" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-47864CCE5812AA3526F29EADA9B1ECEA" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="I brought the first Africans~They brought the first Africans~It brought the first Africans~We brought the first Africans~Someone brought the first Africans~Something brought the first Africans">The first Africans were brought</pwa> to America in 1619 by a Dutch captain and left in Jamestown, Virginia. At this point in history, Blacks <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were viewed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F089BC7D4191CCCFCAB26B5DCBD22B79" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were viewed</pwa> as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="simply " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-C14700BE1C9BB9E9ED33E9881AB73120" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1123" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">simply </pwa>another aspect of the many-sided economic problems <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="which the white colonists were called" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-2AD92262A0B38D3BC72CD3D09D76BB7A" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="I called which~they called which~it called which~something called which~someone called which~us called which">which the white colonists were called</pwa> on to face. (Jordan, 1968) The colonists gave <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="very " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-F2B44AFA11ED2AD719E3D9D9D8C829CB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_297" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">very </pwa>little attention to the status of the slaves who <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were treated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-CD8F7CC2BD973027BE5323946AD36CF2" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were treated</pwa> similarly to white indentured servants and enjoyed the same status. Therefore, up to 1651, at the end of their service, black indentured servants were "assigned lands in much the same way as was being done for white servants." (Jordan, 1968)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This situation soon changed as the colonists, faced with an unlimited supply of land, needed labor to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="utilize" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: use" data-pwa-id="pwa-82DCEE6B46CD3095062E85A79A557FA6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2086" data-pwa-suggestions="use">utilize</pwa> it. The colonists grew tired of replacing indentured servants whose period of service had expired. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="They were also faced" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5F4F6972D9214130205B53DA0DEB3D98" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="It also faced them~I also faced them">They were also faced</pwa> with the failure of their attempts to use Indian slave labor. The colonists quickly saw a way by which they could solve all their problems at "one fell swoop."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The problem could <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be solved" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-66B1C4D0A863F24A88FD9333DA218C3F" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be solved</pwa> by placing the negro in "perpetual servitude," which would solve the problem of finding replacements, as there would be an "inexhaustible supply" of Negroes. (Jordan, 1968) This purely economic decision marked <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the advent of " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A2991C988D307C56FCBBA1EAE5B81420" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_243" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">the advent of </pwa>the slave trade in America. It began gradually, but begin it did for by 1640, when Negroes <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were brought" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F6705B8D4F7B257FA6A5BF5F03F3537E" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were brought</pwa> into the country they were no longer given "indentures or contracts and could not look forward to freedom after a specified period of service." (Jordan, 1968) But, it was not until 1661 that there was a statutory recognition of slavery. However, despite the new slave laws, no attempt <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was made" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B6C3DCD8FEADBC110264BD1AD928355A" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was made</pwa> by the colonists to enslave or change the status of the indentured servants who had completed their period of service and were free to live as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-39F1FD4538B14937F4380786C95232A9" data-pwa-rule-id="CRFSR_THE_9" data-pwa-suggestions="they">the</pwa> chose in Virginia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This chain of events in Virginia was more or less mirrored in the occurrences in the other Southern colonies, in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. By the end of the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="1660's" data-pwa-hint="Apostrophes aren't needed for decades: '1660s'." data-pwa-id="pwa-D7B87C80956847A8598A4764E8D2AA56" data-pwa-rule-id="APOSTROPHE_IN_DATES" data-pwa-suggestions="1660s">1660's</pwa>, negro slavery was a "fait accompli" in the settled parts of America. There were degrees of harshness in the treatment of slaves and in the attitudes of the colonists toward <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="slavery," data-pwa-hint="Unnecessary comma before a subordinate conjunction." data-pwa-id="pwa-296B6240D49EB49457F4B95A55E9CCC2" data-pwa-rule-id="COMMA_IF" data-pwa-suggestions="slavery">slavery,</pwa> as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was evidenced" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-BC16DFC8B332E6433A4F77DE87ABEF07" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was evidenced</pwa> by the actions of William Penn in Pennsylvania and the Quakers in New Jersey. Despite this, the final and incontestable fact was that negro slavery had <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been institutionalized" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B01C0A91690D22E3B4E9FEE98C593599" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">been institutionalized</pwa> and legalized and was an accepted status for negroes. This was to continue as an accepted part of the fabric of American life until 1865.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">How Did Christians Rationalize and Justify Slavery?</span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It may seem ironic that this new "Christian" country whose stated</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg17oq9hU2L35fni7jlBA12t-reJE0oboLflc8mltyeTPnISq4IsZmVkkjcAiSh9UK_Uob-6q3lqFdkg5QIV6fJB4aGecgK-8UaB-Vz-V2G6cxo9tMOxSb6XgoMF5q4xGNuZZrrfcN1QC0/s1600/_The_cruelty_of_the_planters_towards_the_slaves_drove_the_slaves_to_revolt%252C_1776_%252C_1776_-_NARA_-_559106.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1028" data-original-width="1600" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg17oq9hU2L35fni7jlBA12t-reJE0oboLflc8mltyeTPnISq4IsZmVkkjcAiSh9UK_Uob-6q3lqFdkg5QIV6fJB4aGecgK-8UaB-Vz-V2G6cxo9tMOxSb6XgoMF5q4xGNuZZrrfcN1QC0/s400/_The_cruelty_of_the_planters_towards_the_slaves_drove_the_slaves_to_revolt%252C_1776_%252C_1776_-_NARA_-_559106.tif" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> basis for establishment was individual freedom and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="whose enunciated doctrine was built" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5424703B8D37720EE014E20EBDD99513" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="they built whose enunciated doctrine~I built whose enunciated doctrine~we built whose enunciated doctrine~it built whose enunciated doctrine~something built whose enunciated doctrine~someone built whose enunciated doctrine">whose enunciated doctrine was built</pwa> on the "essential equality of all men," (Franklin, 1847) could <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be involved" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B14A380F0C7D9826CD8935BEAC75E7C7" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be involved</pwa> in the slave trade. The Bible had spoken unequivocally against the evils of slavery and had condemned slave owners. In Exodus 21:16 it <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was stated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1064C8BB6B10223C6D4C6B4FAAE95D45" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was stated</pwa>, "And he that <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="stealeth" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: stealeth" data-pwa-id="pwa-CBE4170A1E7EC4259FFCE572C80C07C0" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="stealth">stealeth</pwa> a man and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="selleth" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: selleth" data-pwa-id="pwa-D9E67535EE1C8D1375899A7E1044FA7C" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="sloth~slither~slather~sleuth">selleth</pwa> him, or if he <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be" data-pwa-hint="The pronoun 'he' must be used with a third-person verb: 'is'." data-pwa-id="pwa-21898685F841F41850D3D5E94A4CF467" data-pwa-rule-id="HE_VERB_AGR" data-pwa-suggestions="is">be</pwa> found in his hand, shall surely <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be put" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-80BBDBA3ACA49CA83C3E761F744097CB" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be put</pwa> to death." So, the colonists <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in an attempt " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-6E75D04B1DCE856FD92A9342912766FE" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1517" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">in an attempt </pwa>to appease their consciences set about finding rationalizations for enslaving negroes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The rationalization was simple: "the slave was not a man." Montesquieu commented on this rationalization rather ironically when he said: "It is impossible for us to suppose these creatures to be men, because, allowing them to be men, a suspicion would follow that if they are <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="men" data-pwa-hint="Missing comma after subordinate clause" data-pwa-id="pwa-D9A689F33B157E6A3AFD6244B3BA9B7E" data-pwa-rule-id="SUB_CLAUSE_2" data-pwa-suggestions="men,">men</pwa> then we are not Christians." (Nugent, 1949)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Not only did the colonists find it necessary to prove that the negroes were not human, they also felt the need, as had Aristotle, to invent a theory to justify social discrimination. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Like" data-pwa-hint="When a sentence starts with a prepositional phrase it should contain a comma." data-pwa-id="pwa-D02489D27DFFCD0E188FAF47E8A111E2" data-pwa-rule-id="LONG_INTRO" data-pwa-suggestions="">Like</pwa> Aristotle before them they decided that some men were born to be master and some to be slaves. As early as 1700, the Puritan Judge John Saffin wrote,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>"to prove that all men have <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="equal" data-pwa-hint="Possible missing determiner" data-pwa-id="pwa-10F01EC4EACE8F8AB68B95A3B3350206" data-pwa-rule-id="DET_CG_2" data-pwa-suggestions="an equal~the equal">equal</pwa> right to liberty, and all outward comforts of this life ... (is) to invert the order that God hath set in the World who hath ordained different degrees and orders of men, some to be High and Honorable, some to be Low and Despicable; and some to be Monarchs, Kings, Princes and Governors, Masters and Commanders, others to be subjects and to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be commanded" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5A2B913860D705AE36E53E1AA19EDCE0" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be commanded</pwa>; Servants of <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="sondry" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: sondry" data-pwa-id="pwa-5B6639A56998B9891292967A71A417D9" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="sundry">sondry</pwa> sorts and degrees, bound to obey; yea, lives as hath <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been proved" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-3A979BCB260E737595A33933392F788C" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">been proved</pwa>."</i> (Saffin, 1701)</span></blockquote>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Philosophical and Cultural Justification for Slavery </span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As late as 1858, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="pro slavery" data-pwa-hint="Should this be hyphenated?" data-pwa-id="pwa-DC54A36AC8F86A389D9A2571B0604C7F" data-pwa-rule-id="HYPHEN_ADJ" data-pwa-suggestions="pro-slavery">pro slavery</pwa> advocates like Thomas Cobb were still making every effort to rationalize and justify slavery on grounds similar to those offered by Safin and Aristotle. He argued that:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>If the Negro were by nature equal to the white, enslavement of the Negro would be wrong, for the law of nature imposes upon man in relation to his fellow man the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="obligation s" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-50DCD2DEEC2410F670923339B7042EBA" data-pwa-rule-id="LETTER_S" data-pwa-suggestions="obligations~obligation is~obligation's">obligation s</pwa> to shape his course as to attain the greatest happiness, and arrive at the greatest perfection of which his nature is susceptible. However, the nature of the Negro is such that his best interests and greatest happiness <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="are secured" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E502314071F1215350814D12ACABFB76" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">are secured</pwa> by his enslavement to the white man.</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As if this were not enough justification, Cobb is at pains to offer further justification, for he continues:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>"In mental and moral development, slavery, so far from retarding, has advanced the Negro race. Contact with the Caucasian is the only <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="civiliser" data-pwa-hint="Possible confused word" data-pwa-id="pwa-75756F9411EAF7B5D242C9152574F1F1" data-pwa-rule-id="CTX_CONFUSION" data-pwa-suggestions="civilised">civiliser</pwa> of the negro, and slavery the only condition on which that contact can <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be preserved" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-DC7B915B96C4E86B18474BAC60561192" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be preserved</pwa>." </i>(Cobb, 1858)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In their attempts to justify the enslavement of the Negro, the Colonists were well prepared psychologically and culturally. Jordan in his book <u>White Over Black</u>, traces the reactions of the first Englishmen to the complexion of the Negro, when white met black in Africa. He discusses the connotative meaning of the word "black" in the English language and all the negativism it invokes. He points out that <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the denotative and connotative meaning of the word "white" are diametrically opposed" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-65CBAA4A882600B986F6274DC8F8226B" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="it diametrically opposes the denotative and connotative meaning of the word "">the denotative and connotative meaning of the word "white" are diametrically opposed</pwa> to black. He shows how quickly the Negro with the black complexion <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was invested" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B919242CADC52A07E597BB1AB864BDE5" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">was invested</pwa> with all the negative attributes that <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were associated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-61A9429250FC64FD4CA4F0E40D4AC509" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were associated</pwa> with the word "black."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The complexion of the Negro was not the only reason <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="why " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-1F384071E765046223460BBE35660F59" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2642" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">why </pwa>he could never <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be perceived" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-08E8035D6A6528F378A8FBB53D015570" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">be perceived</pwa> as a 'noble" type. According to Jordan the English saw his behavior as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-7B2FDAB71BD2C3296EBFB88FDFA93E31" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa>deviant" and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-FE2B773C239704DC0DEDEE6878D09B36" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa>bestial". They seemed <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-1ABFDD5466449C5F6E4C834C0EF6B2E7" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa>fascinated by the Negroes savagery." <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Despite the fact that" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: Although" data-pwa-id="pwa-97DEA76E7C084B0462CBF13EDFBC4E8E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1382" data-pwa-suggestions="Although">Despite the fact that</pwa> they knew <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that " data-pwa-hint="The word 'that' can often be omitted here" data-pwa-id="pwa-82FD81C3B14DBFBEB1A717BF1A9827A8" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2834" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">that </pwa>the Negro was a man they constantly referred to hi as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-C2D74C99A8354A36E219F7267289B6DA" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa>brutish" and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-DBDE85646FA6475D3D95E7DDEB7E926A" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa>beastly". In their writings they <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="made frequent references" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: referred" data-pwa-id="pwa-FB03C2309ADDB834CABDB78649E1F157" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1787" data-pwa-suggestions="referred">made frequent references</pwa> to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-25097015522A3573FDFD5F0E7DF5F192" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa>the hideous tortures, the cannibalism, the rapacious warfare and revolting diet." This view of the Negro no doubt <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was responsible for" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: managed, handled" data-pwa-id="pwa-66FB827654CB0ED690AE3E24ED55EDBA" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2799" data-pwa-suggestions="managed~handled">was responsible for</pwa> the slave traders handling of the Negroes in the same way as men handled beasts in England. Once in the United States, the slaves <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were castrated" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-9540E234C2B1D1CD5EB83288E2DE98A4" data-pwa-rule-id="null" data-pwa-suggestions="">were castrated</pwa> and branded like animals. Thus began the process of the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="In dialogue you should always have a punctuation mark, usually a comma before a closing quote mark." data-pwa-id="pwa-91FA3E389228056D3F439C1F46BCF9B9" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=","">"</pwa>dehumanization of the Negro<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word=""" data-pwa-hint="Review this paragraph to make sure that all of the quotes and brackets are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-8556970E4C6C85F6469802099FA08617" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">"</pwa> which Kovel defines as,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>..<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="." data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may require a space after it. Consider adding the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-00BB402AC0A7023EC2BF708750736F8C" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions=". ">.</pwa>a two-fold process, involving first, the formation of an idea of another living person as less than a person, as a living or even <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="inanimate" data-pwa-hint="Possible missing determiner" data-pwa-id="pwa-6F2A5BBFAFECE9F46FFBCB9DA70C0C47" data-pwa-rule-id="DET_CG_2" data-pwa-suggestions="an inanimate~the inanimate">inanimate</pwa> thing; and second, an action upon that person <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="so as " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-3B4D4A8605D16899CCA159428BFA1AB8" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2952" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">so as </pwa>to sustain one's dehumanized conception of him.</i> (p. 36)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The individual concept of Negroes' lack of humanity and inferiority was soon to become institutionalized as the legal system of the United States totally ignored <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the fact " data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-3FD07D80AD33C5591953C2A28849CBB9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1460" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">the fact </pwa>that the Negro was a human being. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Read the third part of Dr. Cicely A. Rodway's paper The Beginnings and Development of Racism in the U. S..: Some Implications for Black America</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2018/12/abeng-essay-beginnings-and-development.html#.XFH-y1VKiM9" target="_blank">Read the first part of this paper Here</a></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: large;">Works Cited</span></u> </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Franklin, John Hope. <u>From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans</u>. New York: Vintage Books, 1969.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Jordan, Winthrop D. <u>White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro</u>. New York: W.W. Norton, 1968.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Kovel, Joel. <u>Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race</u>. New York: Harper, 1942.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Nugent, Thomas. <u>trans. Charles L. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Montesouieu" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Montesouieu" data-pwa-id="pwa-5C3B816E02455077A69DE741CCE10710" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Montesquieu~Mendes~minutes~minds~Mendoza">Montesouieu</pwa> - The Spirit of The Laws. Book XV. Chap. V.</u> New York: Hafner, 1949</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Cicely A. Rodway, Ed. D, LCSW, CASAC, is a retired English Professor of the Percy E. Sutton SEEK Program at Queens College, CUNY (City University of New York). <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Currently" data-pwa-hint="Missing comma after introductory phrase" data-pwa-id="pwa-28650D1FA7742231CE8D83738C95D450" data-pwa-rule-id="INTRO_39ED26F336AE538DF4D2DC8A75A01282" data-pwa-suggestions="Currently,">Currently</pwa> she functions in two roles: Coordinator of the SEEK Program's Academic Learning Center and the Coordinator of Vocational and Higher Education at HANDS ON Health Associates, an outpatient clinic for people in recovery in East New York, Brooklyn. A daughter of the Caribbean, she was born in St. Lucia, West Indies, and grew up in Guyana. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Read her poem <a href="https://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2016/10/poem-roots-for-women-of-african-diaspora.html#.XClS9lVKiM8" target="_blank">Roots: For Women of The African Diaspora</a></i></span>Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-3524582030904564442019-01-21T07:30:00.000-05:002019-01-21T10:24:03.561-05:00Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Murals<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">artist Oscar Thomas, Sr. https://www.oscarthomassr.com/about-the-artist.html<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Martin Luther King Mural in Liberty City, Miami, Florida</i></b></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">https://www.odeith.com/graffiti/#photo-1/36/Graffiti-tribute-to-Martin-Luther-King-Odeith-Cova-da-Moura-Portugal.jpg https://www.pinterest.com/pin/448178600392838384/?lp=true<br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: small;">King Mural in Portugal</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">https://etzhayim.net/martin-luther-king-mural-chattanooga/<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><i>King Mural in Chattanooga, Tennessee</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&bih=567&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=ABBFXPSMPM74_AbXx7b4CA&q=martin+luther+king+murals&oq=martin+luther+king+murals&gs_l=img.12..0j0i8i30.2189.2189..4390...0.0..0.55.55.1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.XX4v26XcEEo#imgrc=eMQVDmvNLQsqDM:" target="_blank">Compton, California</a></i></b></span></td></tr>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&bih=567&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=ABBFXPSMPM74_AbXx7b4CA&q=martin+luther+king+murals&oq=martin+luther+king+murals&gs_l=img.12..0j0i8i30.2189.2189..4390...0.0..0.55.55.1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.XX4v26XcEEo#imgrc=EYUZHuvY4fsDuM:" target="_blank">Orlando, Florida</a></span></i></b></td></tr>
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-11594173573506036132019-01-20T10:02:00.001-05:002019-01-21T10:40:38.486-05:00Five Things About Kenya That Terrorism Will Not Shadow<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b>Let's Talk Nairobi, Kenya<br /><span style="font-size: small;">by Kaya Omodele @TheAbeng </span></b></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From: https://www.stripes.com/news/africa/al-shabab-says...</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">With these latest terrorist attacks in Nairobi, Kenya this past Tuesday (January 15, 2019), there have been many negative images (however realistic and necessary they may be) released for the world to see. In this information age where "shock and awe" is more mantra than mere phrase, sensationalism is the holy grail. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">For me </span><span style="font-size: large;">though, there are far too many negative narratives of Africa and the African Diaspora. I understand that there is war and crime and violence all over the world and I reason about these realities here on The Abeng and My Conscious Pen regularly. But if all we discuss are </span><span style="font-size: large;">negatives, then the narrative of the Black World, our diaspora, will be taken in as all grim and gloom. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">But Africa and the African Diaspora are on the move, forward and upward, ever. And in this spirit, I am listing some of the most positive happenings in Nairobi, Kenya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Five Things To Love About Kenya</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>1.</b> <b>Growing Economy.</b> Kenya boasts the second largest economy in East Africa. (In 2015, Ethiopia, with a much larger population, overtook Kenya as the largest economy in the region). With a GDP growth rate for the past 5 years at around 5%, Kenya's economic growth is solid and above the United States'. And the projection for 2019: 5.8%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>2.</b> <b>Large, Vibrant Cities</b>. Nairobi is a thriving, dynamic, metropolitan city, where over four million citizens hustle and bustle, repping more than 40 ethnicities. Hundred of multinational companies and NGOs have their East African/Central African regional headquarters located in Nairobi; on top of all that, it's also a tech and creative hotspot.</span></div>
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Millions all over the world are wondering what's wrong with <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Nairobi?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Nairobi</a>.Why don't we show them the real Nairobi we all know.The beautiful city <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Nairobi?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Nairobi</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ThisIsNairobi?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ThisIsNairobi</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/RiversideAttack?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#RiversideAttack</a> <a href="https://t.co/WWRLPVAXgO">pic.twitter.com/WWRLPVAXgO</a></div>
— Patrick🇰🇪 (@PatricPatricks) <a href="https://twitter.com/PatricPatricks/status/1085259928992972801?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 15, 2019</a></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>3.</b> <b>Creative Kenya. </b>One of the most intriguing qualities about Kenya for me as a writer is the fertile environment for creative storytelling. Young storytellers, whether authors or filmmakers, are encouraged to tell compelling stories, though sometimes faced with a government fight against unsavory content.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In April 2018, The Kenya Film Commission (KFC) promoted "My Kenya, My Story", a mobile competition in which they called on young, independent filmmakers to submit their smartphone, film projects. And the annual Slum Film Festival calls on filmmakers from slums and ghettos in Nairobi to submit their films showcasing stories. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Some of Nairobi's stories and storytellers:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwNtZg1RqRg52nd1IzDWuC2EtAzjucslbG0a6gmfxsQ9Q4E30xs4tyaRaF9d4jb_MwaDder5L89nXjUerHgbHom-vZVmGzIlreRdqsabXmqtYhqzr-_0HYqbrSrLhh-2WmFlLQ571Ado/s1600/nairobi+filmmakers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="1024" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwNtZg1RqRg52nd1IzDWuC2EtAzjucslbG0a6gmfxsQ9Q4E30xs4tyaRaF9d4jb_MwaDder5L89nXjUerHgbHom-vZVmGzIlreRdqsabXmqtYhqzr-_0HYqbrSrLhh-2WmFlLQ571Ado/s320/nairobi+filmmakers.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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Are you in Malindi and would like a copy(is) of any of my books? Hit me up. I am sending a package on Monday and can include yours. <a href="https://t.co/LiNFr1eMT5">pic.twitter.com/LiNFr1eMT5</a></div>
— The Storyteller (@Eewangari) <a href="https://twitter.com/Eewangari/status/1086244300982284288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 18, 2019</a></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>4. People of African Descent are Repatriating to Kenya </b>Blacks in the African diaspora are moving to Kenya, Nairobi and Mombasa in particular, where we are finding business opportunities in an economic environment that's fertile for entrepreneurs with innovative and sometimes even simple hustles and ideas. For those of us thinking of African repatriation and business, keep in mind that value in any market can be found when a need in that market is identified, qualified and quantified. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When thinking of making Kenya (or any African country) home, or a business location, due diligence is paramount of course.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.aainafrica.com/blog/jamal-in-kenya" target="_blank">Jamal is from Philadelphia, USA and repatriated to Kenya</a> and has start up consulting firm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From Compton, California, <a href="https://www.aainafrica.com/blog/2018/6/15/african-american-kenya-expat-hawking">Preshley Knight moved from the United States to Kenya</a> after she became extremely ill. She began hustling cakes on the streets in Nyeri, parlayed that into working for a bakery and now has since started up her own company, Wakanda Express Tours and Africa Immigration Consultants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>5. Kenya's Music Scene</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">While the attack on Nairobi was indeed horrific, that level of violence is not the norm for this thriving, young city. It's a shame that much of the media mainly report news in a way that commands clicks. While some of Africa is indeed at war within itself, most of Africa is on the rise or booming. As black writers, let's be responsible, balanced, logical, compassionate; let's place news about the Motherland in perspective. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sources:</b></span><br />
<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/kenya-al-shabab-target-190117054949463.html" target="_blank"> https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/kenya-al-shabab-target-190117054949463.html</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/oped/comment/Kenya-creatives-industry-movies-support/434750-4382088-5y5f81z/index.html">https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/oped/comment/Kenya-creatives-industry-movies-support/434750-4382088-5y5f81z/index.html</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_13573327"><br /></a>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_13573327">https://www.kenyanvibe.com/the-kenya-film-commission-calls-for-entries-from-young-filmmakers/</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/09/03/436617865/he-had-one-week-to-make-a-movie-for-the-slum-film-festival">https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/09/03/436617865/he-had-one-week-to-make-a-movie-for-the-slum-film-festival</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.vogue.com/article/the-kenyan-cool-girls-guide-to-nairobi">https://www.vogue.com/article/the-kenyan-cool-girls-guide-to-nairobi</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.kenyanvibe.com/top-10-hip-hop-artists/">https://www.kenyanvibe.com/top-10-hip-hop-artists/</a><br />
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Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-19925800004117648522019-01-01T16:22:00.001-05:002019-01-06T13:51:48.484-05:00kontan jou endepandans: Happy Independence Day, Haiti!<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqhvrqU3jQxy5QiiuauRIpnVsZiaoVHaGtvOoK0OkW_PHrk7Wk7gynKVmVpAmm6g-KgTdYT4RVoy3uSOu7FWyD4cZ_5wrcfA7mTSdVkWg9kThtosTGjrORAZqN3yA7SRmkEU5lLWYCZ9I/s1600/800px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqhvrqU3jQxy5QiiuauRIpnVsZiaoVHaGtvOoK0OkW_PHrk7Wk7gynKVmVpAmm6g-KgTdYT4RVoy3uSOu7FWyD4cZ_5wrcfA7mTSdVkWg9kThtosTGjrORAZqN3yA7SRmkEU5lLWYCZ9I/s1600/800px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqhvrqU3jQxy5QiiuauRIpnVsZiaoVHaGtvOoK0OkW_PHrk7Wk7gynKVmVpAmm6g-KgTdYT4RVoy3uSOu7FWyD4cZ_5wrcfA7mTSdVkWg9kThtosTGjrORAZqN3yA7SRmkEU5lLWYCZ9I/s1600/800px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><br />
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Happy Independence Day, Haiti!</h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Today, January 1, is Haitian Independence Day. On this day in 1804, Haiti declared independence from its colonial master, France, when General Jean Jacques Dessalines sounded the declaration of independence, after the thirteen years of </span><a href="http://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2016/02/black-history-haitian-revolution-revolt.html#.XCvN9VVKiM8" style="font-size: x-large;">The Haitian Revolution.</a><span style="font-size: large;"> Haiti became the first independent nation (and republic) in Latin America, and was the second nation to gain independence in the Americas (28 years after the United States of America). It is the only country in the Americas where former slaves fought and freed an entire nation from slavery and its colonial masters. Haitian leaders also abolished slavery in neighboring Santo Domingo (the present-day Dominican Republic).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Haiti not only inspired revolutionaries other colonies and slaves to revolt, one of its revolutionary leaders, <a href="http://kreyolicious.com/10-things-may-known-alexandre-petion/14148" target="_blank">Alexander Pétion</a>, was a friend to Simon "the Great Liberator" Bolivar, giving him refuge in Haiti and aid in the form of arms, munitions and infantry. </span><br />
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<b>The following is a translation of the document by Laurent Dubois and John Garrigus as published in</b> <a href="http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/newcatalog.aspx?isbn=031241501X" target="_blank">"Slave Revolution in the Caribbean 1789 - 1804: A Brief History with Documents."</a></div>
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<b>The Haitian Declaration of Independence</b><br /><b>1804</b><br /><br />The Commander in Chief to the People of Haiti<br /><br />Citizens:<br /><br />It is not enough to have expelled the barbarians who have bloodied our land for two centuries; it is not enough to have restrained those ever-evolving factions that one after another mocked the specter of liberty that France dangled before you. We must, with one last act of national authority, forever assure the empire of liberty in the country of our birth; we must take any hope of re-enslaving us away from the inhuman government that for so long kept us in the most humiliating torpor. In the end we must live independent or die.<br /><br />Independence or death... let these sacred words unite us and be the signal of battle and of our reunion.<br /><br />Citizens, my countrymen, on this solemn day I have brought together those courageous soldiers who, as liberty lay dying, spilled their blood to save it; these generals who have guided your efforts against tyranny have not yet done enough for your happiness; the French name still haunts our land.<br /><br />Everything revives the memories of the cruelties of this barbarous people: our laws, our habits, our towns, everything still carries the stamp of the French. Indeed! There are still French in our island, and you believe yourself free and independent of that Republic which, it is true, has fought all the nations, but which has never defeated those who wanted to be free.<br /><br />What! Victims of our [own] credulity and indulgence for 14 years; defeated not by French armies, but by the pathetic eloquence of their agents' proclamations; when will we tire of breathing the air that they breathe? What do we have in common with this nation of executioners? The difference between its cruelty and our patient moderation, its color and ours the great seas that separate us, our avenging climate, all tell us plainly that they are not our brothers, that they never will be, and that if they find refuge among us, they will plot again to trouble and divide us.<br /><br />Native citizens, men, women, girls, and children, let your gaze extend on all parts of this island: look there for your spouses, your husbands, your brothers, your sisters. Indeed! Look there for your children, your suckling infants, what have they become?... I shudder to say it ... the prey of these vultures.<br /><br />Instead of these dear victims, your alarmed gaze will see only their assassins, these tigers still dripping with their blood, whose terrible presence indicts your lack of feeling and your guilty slowness in avenging them. What are you waiting for before appeasing their spirits? Remember that you had wanted your remains to rest next to those of your fathers, after you defeated tyranny; will you descend into their tombs without having avenged them? No! Their bones would reject yours.<br /><br />And you, precious men, intrepid generals, who, without concern for your own pain, have revived liberty by shedding all your blood, know that you have done nothing if you do not give the nations a terrible, but just example of the vengeance that must be wrought by a people proud to have recovered its liberty and jealous to maintain it let us frighten all those who would dare try to take it from us again; let us begin with the French. Let them tremble when they approach our coast, if not from the memory of those cruelties they perpetrated here, then from the terrible resolution that we will have made to put to death anyone born French whose profane foot soils the land of liberty.<br /><br />We have dared to be free, let us be thus by ourselves and for ourselves. Let us imitate the grown child: his own weight breaks the boundary that has become an obstacle to him. What people fought for us? What people wanted to gather the fruits of our labor? And what dishonorable absurdity to conquer in order to be enslaved. Enslaved?... Let us leave this description for the French; they have conquered but are no longer free.<br /><br />Let us walk down another path; let us imitate those people who, extending their concern into the future, and dreading to leave an example of cowardice for posterity, preferred to be exterminated rather than lose their place as one of the world's free peoples.<br /><br />Let us ensure, however, that a missionary spirit does not destroy our work; let us allow our neighbors to breathe in peace; may they live quietly under the laws that they have made for themselves, and let us not, as revolutionary firebrands, declare ourselves the lawgivers of the Caribbean, nor let our glory consist in troubling the peace of the neighboring islands. Unlike that which we inhabit, theirs has not been drenched in the innocent blood of its inhabitants; they have no vengeance to claim from the authority that protects them.<br /><br />Fortunate to have never known the ideals that have destroyed us, they can only have good wishes for our prosperity.<br /><br />Peace to our neighbors; but let this be our cry: "Anathama to the French name! Eternal hatred of France!"<br /><br />Natives of Haiti! My happy fate was to be one day the sentinel who would watch over the idol to which you sacrifice; I have watched, sometimes fighting alone, and if I have been so fortunate as to return to your hands the sacred trust you confided to me, know that it is now your task to preserve it. In fighting for your liberty, I was working for my own happiness. Before consolidating it with laws that will guarantee your free individuality, your leaders, who I have assembled here, and I, owe you the final proof of our devotion.<br /><br />Generals and you, leaders, collected here close to me for the good of our land, the day has come, the day which must make our glory, our independence, eternal.<br /><br />If there could exist among us a lukewarm heart, let him distance himself and tremble to take the oath which must unite us. Let us vow to ourselves, to posterity, to the entire universe, to forever renounce France, and to die rather than live under its domination; to fight until our last breath for the independence of our country.<br /><br />And you, a people so long without good fortune, witness to the oath we take, remember that I counted on your constancy and courage when I threw myself into the career of liberty to fight the despotism and tyranny you had struggled against for 14 years. Remember that I sacrificed everything to rally to your defense; family, children, fortune, and now I am rich only with your liberty; my name has become a horror to all those who want slavery. Despots and tyrants curse the day that I was born. If ever you refused or grumbled while receiving those laws that the spirit guarding your fate dictates to me for your own good, you would deserve the fate of an ungrateful people. But I reject that awful idea; you will sustain the liberty that you cherish and support the leader who commands you. Therefore vow before me to live free and independent, and to prefer death to anything that will try to place you back in chains. Swear, finally, to pursue forever the traitors and enemies of your independence.<br /><br />Done at the headquarters of Gonaives, the first day of January 1804, the first year of independence.<br /><br />The Deed of independence<br /><br />Native Army<br /><br />Today, January 1st 1804, the general in chief of the native army, accompanied by the generals of the army, assembled in order to take measures that will insure the good of the country;<br /><br />After having told the assembled generals his true intentions, to assure forever a stable government for the natives of Haiti, the object of his greatest concern, which he has accomplished in a speech which declares to foreign powers the decision to make the country independent, and to enjoy a liberty consecrated by the blood of the people of this island; and after having gathered their responses has asked that each of the assembled generals take a vow to forever renounce France, to die rather than live under its domination, and to fight for independence until their last breath.<br /><br />The generals, deeply moved by these sacred principles, after voting their unanimous attachment to the declared project of independence, have all sworn to posterity, to the universe, to forever renounce France, and to die rather than to live under its domination.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sources: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://kreyolicious.com/10-things-may-known-alexandre-petion/14148">http://kreyolicious.com/10-things-may-known-alexandre-petion/14148</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://today.duke.edu/showcase/haitideclaration/declarationstext.html">https://today.duke.edu/showcase/haitideclaration/declarationstext.html</a></span></div>
Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-71245045697627981942018-12-30T18:16:00.000-05:002019-01-30T23:51:01.532-05:00Abeng Essay: The Beginnings and Development of Racism in The U.S.: Some Implications for Black Americans (Part 1) by Dr. Cicely A. Rodway <h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
The Beginnings and Development of Racism in The U.S.: Some Implications for Black Americans (part 1)<br /><i>by Dr. Cicely A. Rodway</i> <br /><span style="font-size: small;">copyright 1987 C. A. Rodway</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>"I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races; I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes nor qualifying them to hold office... I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will ever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And in as much as the cannot so live, while they do remain togerher, there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race."</i> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">~ <b><i>Abraham Lincoln 1895</i></b></span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYbpN3YuwbXtm7Dg-hFC01UGVjVjHzFtJAZi63HQ9MhRLusNKx5UEcHQfZOgHvMixaP1M1VcuHyKisrIxmc0ESWwF8MglnmHmOe5ODAK3_WZnMvI9nUvlfnTzRlETgdSSGoBV0YH4nZao/s1600/AUG-1-Emancipation-day.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="1600" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYbpN3YuwbXtm7Dg-hFC01UGVjVjHzFtJAZi63HQ9MhRLusNKx5UEcHQfZOgHvMixaP1M1VcuHyKisrIxmc0ESWwF8MglnmHmOe5ODAK3_WZnMvI9nUvlfnTzRlETgdSSGoBV0YH4nZao/s320/AUG-1-Emancipation-day.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Lincoln, in this statement, presented a viewpoint which was not atypical in his time nor in the times before and after his presidency. It is a viewpoint which is based on the belief that black peoples are inferior to whites. It is a viewpoint which has led to individual and governmental acts and policies which have attempted to dehumanize Black people in the United States and to circumscribe their individual and group efforts.Finally, it is a viewpoint which has had devastating psychological repercussions on blacks as well as whites.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">These views are steeped in prejudice, which prejudice as defined by James Jones, "is a negative attitude toward a person or group based upon a social comparison process in which the individual's own group is taken as a positive point of reference." (p. 3) He goes on to point out that the "behavioral manifestation of prejudice is discrimination - those actions used to maintain own-group characteristics and favored position at the expense of the comparison group," (p. 3)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Implicit in a position such as Lincoln's is the need to ensure that the roles of black and white people are clearly defined and positions of inferiority and superiority maintained. In order to ensure that whites maintain the superior position it often becomes necessary to set up structures within the society and to implement policies with this in mind. Carmichael and Hamilton have defined such policies as racism which they define as "the predication of decisions and policies on considerations of race for the purpose of subordinating a racial group and maintaining control over that group." (p. 1)</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Individual Racism and Institutional Racism</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Carmichael and Hamilton in continuing their discussion of racism in the United States, make a clear distinction between what they refer to as "individual racism" and "institutional racism". Individual racism is described as being overt and is therefore easily recognizable as it manifests itself by causing "death, injury or the violent destruction of property." The second type of racism, <a href="https://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2018/09/abeng-op-ed-systematic-racism-in.html#.XClI41VKiM9" target="_blank">institutional racism</a>, is much more insidious as it is less identifiable for it "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society." They give us examples of institutional racism, situations in which,</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>...five hundred black babies die each year because of lack of proper food, shelter and medical facilities, and thousands more are destroyed and maimed physically, emotionally and intellectually because of conditions of poverty and discrimination in the black community... or when black people are locked in dilapidated slum tenements, subject to the daily prey of exploitative slumlords, merchants and loan sharks and discriminatory real estate agents.</i> (p. 4)</span></blockquote>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;">Jones expands on this definition of institutional racism by suggesting that there are two meanings of the term. He agrees with the first definition as given by Carmichael and Hamilton and states that "racist institutions are but extensions of individual racist thought."(p. 5) He uses examples of grandfather clauses and poll taxes as ways in which there is manipulation of the political process to achieve individual or collective racist ends. He further suggests that "institutional racism also exists on an even subtler level " as described below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Colleges, graduate schools, and professional schools have for many years relied heavily on standardized test scores a criteria for admission. Black children and students routinely have inferior training in both test taking and the content of test materials. Therefore, in many cases the 600 SAT's or 700 GRE's requirement might as well be a "white only" sign on the gates of educational institutions. </i>(p. 5)</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Cultural Racism</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Jones also suggests a third category of racism which he calls "cultural racism" and which he states contains elements of both individual and institutional racism. He defines cultural racism as "the individual and institutional expression of superiority of one race's cultural heritage over that of another race." That throughout this country's history, a large segment of the white population believed and continue to believe in the "cultural inferiority" of Black people is no longer a moot question. Statements such as this made by John W. Burgess typify this belief. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>A black skin means membership in a race of men which has never of itself succeeded in subjecting passion to reason; has never, therefore, created any civilization of any kind. </i></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Respectable Racism or New Racism</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Finally, to complete the discussion on definitions of racism, Piliawsky posits that racism in the U.S. in the 1980's has evolved into "respectable racist." It is a form of racism in which he says, "whites rationalize that Black inequality is due to moral failings of Blacks rather than to white racism." (p. 202) This "respectable racism" or as Joel Dreyfus puts it, "new racism", </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>...is particularly dangerous because it attempts to deprive blacks of the validity of their grievances...The new strategy is simple but admittedly brilliant; it denies the existence of racism and accepts no responsibility for inequality. The effect of such an attitude places black demands in the position of being outrageous.</i> (p. 54)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Piliawsky and Dreyfuss are supported by John E. Jacobs who, writing in <u>The State of Black America -1987,</u> reiterates the fact that racism is alive and well:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Typical of the moral blinkers donned by the nation in recent years is its indifference to the continued existence of racism and racial disadvantage that permeate our society and degrade national life and aspirations.</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Racism continues to live on despite the pious pronouncements that we are now in a color-blind society. It can be seen in the daily drum fire of local reports of racially inspired outrages that show old forms of racism thriving alongside the more subtle forms of discrimination that have become popular</i>. (p. 9)</span> </blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Jacobs also documents some of the racial incidents which occurred late in 1986. These involved the Chief of Police in a New Orleans suburb, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/23/us/citadel-s-cadets-feeling-effects-of-a-klan-like-act.html" target="_blank">white cadets in Klan dress at the Citadel </a>and <a href="https://blackpast.org/aah/howard-beach-incident-1986" target="_blank">the lynch mob in Howard Beach, Queens</a>. </span><span style="font-size: large;">In his continuing discussion of racism and discrimination, Jacobs states that,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><a href="https://www.npr.org/2016/09/29/495955920/donald-trump-plagued-by-decades-old-housing-discrimination-case" target="_blank">housing discrimination is commonplace</a>, as has been documented time and again. Discrimination in other aspects of life is also documented in incidents ranging from blacks passed over for jobs and promotions to blacks discriminated against in voting procedures.</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>It is hard to avoid the conclusion that the continuation of illegal discrimination and the resurgence of racist feeling are fostered by the administraion's refusal to admit that racism may still be a problem.</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Jacob's observations bring to mind the racial climate which preceded the racial disorders in American cities in the four summers prior to 1967. In 1967, President Johnson, in an attempt to get to the bottom of the problem of the riots, set up <a href="https://blackpast.org/aah/national-advisory-commission-civil-disorders-kerner-commission" target="_blank">The National Advissory Commission on Civil Disorders</a> (known as the Kerner Commission). He gave the Commission the job of coming up with answers to three questions:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1. What happenned?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2. Why did it happen?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">3. What could be done to avoid it happening again?</span> </blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/8073NCJRS.pdf" target="_blank">The report of the Commission - The Kerner Report</a> - found that the violence which occurred was, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <i>...usually generated out of a series of tension building incidents which occurred over a period of time and were capped by a quite often routine event, (generally involving police action of some sort) which triggered the disorder.</i> (p. 9)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In attempting to give reasons for the riot, the Commission concluded that among the causes, "the most fundamental is the racial attitude and behavior of white Americans to black Americans." (p. 7) It also stated, "that white racism is essentially responsible for the exposive mixture which has been accumulating in our cities since the end of World War 2." (p. 9) It cited as some of the factors responsible for this "explosive mixture" as being:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Pervasive discrimination and segregation in employment, housing and education which helped to exclude Negroes from the benefits of economic progress.</i> (p. 10)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Kerner Report placed a heavy emphasis on the "destructive environment of the ghetto," and stated that:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>What white Americans have never fully understood - but the Negro can never forget - is that white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it</i>. (p. 10) </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Commission made a number of suggestions and recommendations which it felt would help to ensure a deescalation in racial violence. To this end, it suggested the,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>...enactment of special programs to deal with housing, education, employment and social welfare in order to eliminate discrimination and supply greatly expanded opportunities for ghetto Negroes</i>. (p. 11)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was also recommended that machinery should be immediately set in motion to ensure better mechanism of communication between the government and "ghetto negroes" as well as between the police and "ghetto negroes". </span> <span style="font-size: large;">The practices of the police and the low level of police protection which was afforded blacks in the ghetto also came under attack, and suggestions were made about improve-ments. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Finally, having made its recommendations, the Commission warned that:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>To continue present policies, is to make permanent the division of this country into two societies: one, largely negro and poor, located in central cities; and the other, predominantly white and affluent, located in the suburbs and outlying areas</i>. (p.12)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Three years after the publication of The Kerner Report, The Institute of Government and Public Affairs, at the University of Illinois, sponsored the Assembly of 1970. The purpose of this Assembly was to examine the Report and discuss the state of race relations. At this assembly it was found that there had been marginal positive gains for Black people since the Report. The Assembly reported that in fact, "things have gotten worse for black people."</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Twenty years have gone by since The Kerner Report was published in 1967, yet in terms of racism, racial prejudice and racial discrimination, little has changed. In recent months there has been a nationwide upsurge in incidents involving racial violence against blacks by members of the white public as well as by the police. In many quarters, including police administrators, there have been prophesying of "a long hot summer." The wheel would appear to have come full circle which in the context of the deep seated origins of white racism appears almost inevitable. This inevitability can only be understood if the historical roots of racism are closely examined.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">A close examination of the roots of racism serves to expose the belief system which informs white Americans' beliefs about and attitudes towards Black Americans. It is a belief based on the inherent inferiority of Black people. It is a belief that lies at the root of white racism and has spawned the policies of segregation and discrimination which are so enmeshed in the history of the United States. To fully appreciate the long history of white racist views which have had such negative effects on all aspects of Black Americans' existence, it is necessary to begin at the very beginning when the first [Africans] were brought to America from their Motherland, Africa.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><u><a href="http://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2019/01/abeng-essay-beginnings-and-development.html#.XFJ9s1VKiM8" target="_blank">Read the Part 2 to C.A. Rodway's paper The Beginnings and Development of Racism in the U.S.: Some Implications for Black America</a></u></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><u>Works Cited</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Carmichael, Stokely, & Hamilton, C.V. <u>Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America</u>. New York: Vintage, 1967.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Jones, James M. <u>Prejudice and Racism</u>. Philippines: Addison-Wesley, 1972.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Piliawsky, Monte. <u>Exit 13: Oppression and Racism in Academia</u>. Boston: South End Press, 1982.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">______ <u>The State of Black America 1987</u>. New York: National Urban League, Inc., 1987.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ixaju6UCkZkc5rw23T4genTJeNE9-_cdXROckKe63iptdBaxwcEnMGyID5d2wtitgjjnTnTta_Qec1H98v0mUrqmnZz2rCj3zlOjqrUr-bW0TVTq3EsId0XfWZrDxHTzWD8_gMRFgZg/s1600/IMG_20181230_180632.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1339" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ixaju6UCkZkc5rw23T4genTJeNE9-_cdXROckKe63iptdBaxwcEnMGyID5d2wtitgjjnTnTta_Qec1H98v0mUrqmnZz2rCj3zlOjqrUr-bW0TVTq3EsId0XfWZrDxHTzWD8_gMRFgZg/s320/IMG_20181230_180632.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Cicely A. Rodway, Ed. D, LCSW, CASAC, is a retired English
Professor of the Percy E. Sutton SEEK Program at Queens College, CUNY (City
University of New York). Currently she functions in two roles: Coordinator of
the SEEK Program's Academic Learning Center and the Coordinator of Vocational
and Higher Education at HANDS ON Health Associates, an outpatient clinic for
people in recovery in East New York, Brooklyn. A daughter of the Caribbean, she
was born in St. Lucia, West Indies, and grew up in Guyana. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Read her poem <a href="https://consciouspen.blogspot.com/2016/10/poem-roots-for-women-of-african-diaspora.html#.XClS9lVKiM8" target="_blank">Roots: For Women of The African Diaspora</a></i></span><o:p></o:p></div>
Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3420113799047946521.post-12827572841578750222018-12-26T12:19:00.000-05:002018-12-29T12:31:53.447-05:00Heri Za Kwanzaa from The Abeng<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Heri Za Kwanzaa</h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Nguzo Saba (The Seven Principles)</i></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Day One (December 26)</b></span><br /><b><i>Umoja</i></b> (oo-<b>MOH</b>-ja)<br /> unity<br />building a community that holds together</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Day Two (December 27)</b></span><br /><i><b>Kujichagulia</b></i> (koo-jee-cha-goo-<b>LEE</b>-yah)<br />self-determination<br />defining, naming, creating ourselves; speaking for ourselves; planning and strategizing our own objectives and goals; realizing our right to plot our own destiny</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Day Three (December28)</b></span><br /><b><i>Ujima</i></b> (oo-<b>JEE</b>-mah)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">collective work and responsibility<br />coming together and helping others within the community</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Day Four (December 29)</span></b><br /><i><b>Ujamaa </b></i>(oo-<b>JAH</b>-ma)<br />cooperative economics<br />supporting our community businesses; understanding that supporting each other helps build a stronger economy within our community</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Day Five (December 30)</b></span><br /><b><i>Nia </i></b>(nee-<b>AH</b>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">purpose<br />setting goals that benefit our community; commitment to learning and teaching black history and culture</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Day Six (December 31)</b></span><br /><b><i>Kuumba</i></b> (koo-<b>OOM</b>-bah)<br />creativity<br />making the community better and more beautiful</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Day Seven (January 1)</span></b><br /><b><i>Imani</i></b> (ee-<b>MAH</b>-nee)<br />faith<br />knowing we can create positive changes for our community, present and in the future; day of assessment</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIM-oaF5YgQQoLM6ejSm7-q9N7G9F7fhpnT5oZ4gKYrz_z5gxMiifw8-NlX4fvoY0-1O1SUxn5BfVFbWGkv_a3vl2Fhd5veeqc3mCpzSrZ2bOrRdDyhCb5PH3HD4PPLfnPaiXykx3x5iA/s1600/NguzoSaba--600x763.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Seven Principles" border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="628" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIM-oaF5YgQQoLM6ejSm7-q9N7G9F7fhpnT5oZ4gKYrz_z5gxMiifw8-NlX4fvoY0-1O1SUxn5BfVFbWGkv_a3vl2Fhd5veeqc3mCpzSrZ2bOrRdDyhCb5PH3HD4PPLfnPaiXykx3x5iA/s640/NguzoSaba--600x763.jpg" title="Kwanzaa's Nguzo Saba" width="544" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Nguzo Saba ~ Seven Principles</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Source:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/index.shtml">http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/index.shtml</a></span></div>
Kayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09915716295257931036noreply@blogger.com0